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A Level · Cambridge (CIE) · 9709

Combine binomial expansions and check a numerical approximation

Collect all contributions to each requested power, intersect validity intervals and verify a truncated estimate against the original expression.

Section 3.1 · Algebra

Pure Mathematics 3 · Algebra · 3.1
Exam scope and assessment notes

Pure Mathematics 3 (Paper 3, A Level) · Mathematics 9709, 2026–2027, section 3.1. Paper 1 knowledge is assumed. Shared modulus, polynomial division, factor and remainder lessons are linked from both sections 2.1 and 3.1. Paper 3 adds partial fractions and rational-power binomial expansions. Partial-fraction numerators may have the same degree as the denominator, but higher-degree numerators are excluded. General-term questions for the rational binomial expansion are not included. Use the stated strict validity condition. Written practice is self-checked; human subject-teacher review remains pending.

Before you begin

  • Adapt a rational-power binomial expansion with its validity interval.
  • Multiply polynomials, collect like powers and decompose simple rational fractions.

Work on paper. Try each question before revealing help, and explain why your method works.

Quick readiness check

Which products contribute to x² when (1 + 2x) multiplies 1 + x/2 + 3x²/8 + … ?

What you will learn

  • Multiply adapted binomial series or use partial fractions to expand a rational expression through a requested power.
  • Intersect the component validity intervals and distinguish an estimate from a guaranteed accurate or exact result.

Each coefficient may receive more than one contribution

To expand (1 + 2x)/√(1 − x), first use (1 − x)⁻¹ᐟ² = 1 + x/2 + 3x²/8 + 5x³/16 + … . Multiplication by 1 + 2x gives 1 + 5x/2 + 11x²/8 + 17x³/16 + … , valid for |x| < 1. The quadratic term receives 3x²/8 from the constant multiplier and x² from 2x times x/2. The cubic receives 5x³/16 and 3x³/4. Do not stop after taking the highest-power term from just one factor.

For √[(1 + x)/(1 − x)] near zero, multiply (1 + x)¹ᐟ² and (1 − x)⁻¹ᐟ². Both expansions require |x| < 1, where both real factors are valid. Collecting terms gives 1 + x + x²/2 + x³/2 + … . The original ratio may have a positive square root in other real regions, but these local factors and series are being used only on their stated common interval.

Partial fractions can simplify an expansion; use the common interval

For 1/[(1 − x)(1 + 2x)], the identity is 1/[3(1 − x)] + 2/[3(1 + 2x)]. The first expansion requires |x| < 1; the second requires |2x| < 1. Their common condition is |x| < 1/2. Combining the series gives 1 − x + 3x² − 5x³ + … . At x = 3/5 the original fraction exists, but the second component is outside its binomial interval, so this expansion cannot be justified there.

At x = 1/10 the cubic estimate is 1 − 0.1 + 0.03 − 0.005 = 0.925. The original value is 1/[(9/10)(6/5)] = 25/27, approximately 0.925926. The estimate underestimates by 1/1080, approximately 0.000926. This difference comes from checking the original expression; a small input or a valid expansion interval alone is not a bound on the omitted terms. Use the requested number of terms and report an approximation with appropriate notation.

Pause and explain

For 1/[(1 − x)(1 + 2x)], which condition justifies combining both binomial expansions?

Put the idea to work

Worked example

Expand (1 + 2x)/√(1 − x) through x³.

Show the worked solution
  1. Use (1 − x)⁻¹ᐟ² = 1 + x/2 + 3x²/8 + 5x³/16 + … .
  2. Multiply by 1 + 2x and combine contributions: 1/2 + 2 = 5/2, 3/8 + 1 = 11/8, and 5/16 + 3/4 = 17/16.
  3. Retain terms through x³, the ellipsis and the common interval |x| < 1.

Answer 1 + 5x/2 + 11x²/8 + 17x³/16 + … , |x| < 1.

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From guided practice to a new situation

Write your answer and reasoning first. Use a hint only if you are stuck. The model solution is for self-checking; your written work is not automatically marked.

1 · Guided

Expand (1 − x)(1 + x)⁻² through x³.

Give me a hint

Multiply 1 − x by the first four terms of the exponent −2 expansion.

Compare my reasoning
  1. Use (1 + x)⁻² = 1 − 2x + 3x² − 4x³ + … .
  2. Collect coefficients: −2 − 1 = −3, 3 + 2 = 5, and −4 − 3 = −7.
  3. The result is 1 − 3x + 5x² − 7x³ + … , with |x| < 1.

1 − 3x + 5x² − 7x³ + … , |x| < 1.

Look for these in your work

  • Include contributions from both multiplier terms.
  • Retain the original strict binomial interval.
2 · Independent

Expand √[(1 + x)/(1 − x)] through x³ near x = 0.

Give me a hint

Multiply the square-root series for 1 + x by the reciprocal-square-root series for 1 − x.

Compare my reasoning
  1. Use 1 + x/2 − x²/8 + x³/16 and 1 + x/2 + 3x²/8 + 5x³/16.
  2. The linear coefficient is 1; the quadratic is −1/8 + 1/4 + 3/8 = 1/2; the cubic is 1/16 − 1/16 + 3/16 + 5/16 = 1/2.
  3. Both factors and expansions are valid on |x| < 1, giving 1 + x + x²/2 + x³/2 + … .

1 + x + x²/2 + x³/2 + … , |x| < 1.

Look for these in your work

  • Collect all cross-products through the cubic power.
  • State the common local interval for both real factors.
3 · Transfer

Use partial fractions to expand 1/[(1 − x)(1 + 2x)] through x³. Estimate its value at x = 0.1, compare with the original value, and explain why x = 0.6 is outside this expansion's interval.

Give me a hint

Decompose first, intersect the two strict conditions and compare the cubic value with the exact fraction.

Compare my reasoning
  1. The partial fractions are 1/[3(1 − x)] + 2/[3(1 + 2x)], giving 1 − x + 3x² − 5x³ + … on |x| < 1/2.
  2. At 0.1 the cubic is 0.925, while the original value is 25/27 ≈ 0.925926; the underestimate is 1/1080 ≈ 0.000926.
  3. At 0.6 the original fraction is defined, but |2x| = 1.2 > 1, so its second binomial expansion is outside the required interval.

1 − x + 3x² − 5x³ + … , |x| < 1/2; estimate 0.925 at 0.1, underestimate 1/1080; 0.6 is outside the series interval.

Look for these in your work

  • Combine exact partial fractions and intersect their expansion conditions.
  • Check the numerical estimate against the original expression without claiming unverified accuracy.

Common mistakes

  • Collect every product contributing to a requested power.
  • Use the intersection of validity intervals, not their union.
  • A valid truncated series is an estimate; do not claim exactness or unverified decimal accuracy.
Recall without your notes

What can you explain now?

What is the common interval for |x| < 1 and |2x| < 1?

Compare with the explanation

|x| < 1/2.

Both conditions must hold simultaneously; the second imposes the narrower bound.

After trying it yourself, choose your next review. This is your self-assessment.

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Make it stick

Expand a product or rational expression through a specified power, justify its common interval and explain how checking the original value assesses a truncated estimate.

If you needed the solution, close it and solve the problem again from a blank page. A correct answer is stronger when you can explain the reason for each step.

Keep learning Mathematics

Course scope and assessment

312 sequenced lessons provide 936 guided, independent and application problems covering the 160 objectives in sections 1.1–1.8, 2.1–2.6, 3.1–3.9, 4.1–4.5, 5.1–5.5 and 6.1–6.5. The map lists all 38 sections across six alternative components; all eight Pure Mathematics 1 sections and all six Pure Mathematics 2 sections, from Paper 2 Algebra through Numerical solution of equations, currently have full teaching sequences. Paper 3 Algebra, section 3.1, links the six shared foundation lessons plus six lessons on partial fractions and rational binomial expansions; Paper 3 logarithms, trigonometry and numerical equations use the shared lessons, with the Paper 1 graph foundation linked into trigonometry. Paper 3 differentiation combines the shared methods with its inverse-tangent derivative lesson. Paper 3 Integration links four shared standard and identity lessons plus seven advanced lessons, covering all six section 3.5 requirements. Eight Vectors lessons cover all six section 3.7 requirements, with 2D and 3D line and solid applications. Nine Differential equations lessons cover all four section 3.8 requirements, including Paper 3 integration techniques, initial conditions, equilibrium solutions and conditional model interpretations. Eleven Complex numbers lessons cover all eight section 3.9 requirements, with seven Argand diagrams and explicit argument and boundary checks. All nine Pure Mathematics 3 sections now have teaching linked to every mapped requirement. Nine Forces and equilibrium lessons cover all seven section 4.1 requirements, with six force diagrams, signed incline-friction intervals, reaction-dependent pull and push limits and separate-body third-law checks. Nine Kinematics lessons cover the four official section 4.2 requirements, with the graph requirement mapped to three relationships. Six motion diagrams support directed quantities, graph slopes and signed areas, Paper 1 time-calculus methods, reversal distances, constant-acceleration stages and shared-clock particle meetings. Six Momentum lessons cover both section 4.3 requirements, including signed system totals, conservation assumptions, outgoing velocities, coalescence, unknown masses and successive impacts. Four diagrams show system momentum through the stipulated events, and supplied kinetic-energy checks distinguish conservation of momentum from changes in kinetic energy. Twelve Newton’s laws lessons cover all four section 4.4 requirements, with vertical support and release stages, rough horizontal and incline motion, inferred parameters, hanging and surface pulley systems, rigid tow-bar thrust and slack-string transitions. Seven force diagrams support the separate-particle balances. Nine Energy, work and power lessons cover all five section 4.5 requirements, with angle-dependent work, kinetic and reference potential energy, signed net-work balances, smooth curved slides, rough and driven slopes, ideal connected-system energy and instantaneous power on hills. Five diagrams distinguish the energy inputs, losses and valid positive-speed force model. All five Mechanics sections now have teaching and staged practice linked to their mapped requirements. Thirteen Representation of data lessons cover all five section 5.1 requirements, including choice and limitations of displays, ordered and back-to-back stems, raw summaries and box plots, unequal-width density histograms, cumulative-frequency interpolation, descriptive moment calculations, grouped estimates, coding, combining two datasets and correcting totals. Six accessible diagrams retain repeated observations and distinguish numerical spread, frequency area and estimated readings. Ten Permutations and combinations lessons cover both official section 5.2 requirements, with selection and ordered roles, repeated objects, adjacency blocks, non-adjacency gaps, leading-zero cases, labelled multi-row seating and mixed restrictions. Six accessible diagrams show outcome trees, ordered versus unordered choices, repeated copies, blocks, gaps and distinct row seats. Eleven Probability lessons cover all four section 5.3 requirements, with equiprobable elementary outcomes, selection-based probabilities, complements and disjoint regions, independence tests, restricted sample spaces, two-way tables, replacement and removal trees, reversed conditions and unknown parameters. Seven accessible diagrams show dice outcomes, random subsets, event regions, a conditioned grid, a count table and two probability trees. Twelve Discrete random variables lessons cover all three official section 5.4 requirements, with complete probability tables, moment and parameter checks, binomial assumptions, exact probabilities and moments, geometric first-success probabilities, tails, expectation and integer reliability thresholds. Six accessible diagrams distinguish outcome grouping, weighted moments, fixed trials, discrete probability bars, waiting conventions and integer tail deadlines. Twelve Normal distribution lessons cover all three official section 5.5 requirements, with continuous-area interpretation, MF19 cumulative tables, full standardisation, tail and interval regions, conditional probabilities, percentiles, one- and two-parameter inference, binomial suitability, continuity corrections and approximate integer thresholds. Seven accessible diagrams show model areas, table reading, aligned scales, intervals, quantiles, matched binomial and normal shapes and whole integer cells. All five Statistics 1 sections now have teaching and staged practice linked to their mapped requirements. Fourteen Poisson distribution lessons cover all five official section 6.1 requirements, with homogeneous event-count assumptions, exposure scaling, exact masses and tails, conditional count events, moments, parameter inference, probability duration targets, disjoint and overlapping windows, rare-count binomial approximations, matched normal approximations and continuity corrections. Nine accessible diagrams show event exposures, unit conversions, discrete bars, complete tail complements, population moments, shared windows, approximate count models and integer cells. Exact checks distinguish approximate and exact close-target decisions. Fourteen Linear combinations lessons cover the six listed results in official section 6.2, with affine moments, signed scales and constant cases, expectation without independence, independent squared variance contributions, fixed and random fees, independent copies versus reused values, affine normal events, independent normal sums and differences, weighted and conditional areas, coefficient inference, exact independent Poisson sums and overlapping exposure limits. Nine accessible diagrams distinguish scale changes, variance contributions, component costs, copy mechanisms, aligned normal scales, summed areas, Poisson count pairs and unsupported distribution claims. Fourteen Continuous random variables lessons cover both official section 6.3 requirements, with density validity and units, support-aware intervals, complements and conditional regions, first and second moments, percentiles by direct density areas, symmetry checks, parameter inference, infinite-support power and exponential integrals, divergent-moment limits and combined applications. Nine accessible diagrams distinguish density height from probability, normalisation, negative-density failures, central and conditional areas, mean versus median, percentile locations and partial infinite tails. Explicit cumulative distribution function knowledge is not required. Eighteen Sampling and estimation lessons cover all eight official section 6.4 requirements, with population and frame definitions, random-number selection, sampling-quality limits, independent sample-mean moments, normal means, CLT conditions, SE scaling, raw, summarised and coded unbiased estimates, known-variance and large-sample mean intervals, repeated-sampling interpretation, precision planning, proportion intervals, sparse-outcome limits and contextual applications. Ten accessible diagrams distinguish selection frames, number rejection, repeated sample means, population versus mean density, CLT models, variance divisors, interval targets, illustrative coverage, integer size checks and proportion margins. Eighteen Hypothesis tests lessons cover all five official section 6.5 requirements, with pre-specified alternatives, inclusive count tails, explicit equal-tail conventions, integer critical regions and actual significance, exposure-aware Poisson tests, continuity-corrected count approximations, normal and large-sample mean tests, confidence-interval connections, error classifications, fixed-region binomial, Poisson and normal error probabilities and sample-size power comparisons. Nine accessible diagrams show the testing procedure, exact count regions, unequal Poisson tails, discrete significance jumps, corrected count boundaries, matching mean intervals and alternative error distributions. All shared lessons are counted once in the course total. All 38 sections now link teaching and practice. Eight earlier overview lessons remain available, but do not count as full section coverage. This is a content-availability measure, not full programme completion or exam readiness. Written practice is self-checked, not officially marked. Check the 2028–2030 syllabus separately if sitting an examination from 2028; this teaching map uses 2026–2027 requirements.

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