Noun vocabulary: stems, gender and look-alikes
Learn this complete reference set, recall meanings and construction clues, then apply the grammar in original short practice.
Section SYNTAX-CASES · Case constructions and expressions
Exam scope and assessment notes
Original teaching foundations for the 2026–2028 syllabus. Six prescribed texts have passage-specific sequences; all 693 printed vocabulary rows have been reconciled into 692 distinct records, with additional number, comparison and compound-verb practice. Linked teaching and lexical self-checks do not certify mastery. Complete line-by-line annotation, further translation and scansion practice, qualified Latin-teacher review, full timed papers and human marking remain outstanding. Open the assigned edition alongside these lessons: public ancient texts can differ in spelling, punctuation or editorial readings from the prescribed prose anthology. Practice explanations are formative, not Cambridge questions, marks or predicted grades. Cambridge has announced withdrawal; the last assessment is June 2028, in administrative zones 3, 4, 5 and 6 only. Confirm entry with your centre.
Before you begin
- Identify noun, verb and clause roles
- Recall the whole dictionary record rather than only its first spelling
Work on paper. Try each question before revealing help, and explain why your method works.
Quick readiness check
What does a dictionary meaning fail to establish on its own?
What you will learn
- Use a noun's full record, gender and genitive with its meaning
- Distinguish similar headwords and grammatical plural from English number
Read the form, recall the meaning, then check the construction
Use the reference list to learn, then hide the meanings in recall practice. The usage note explains a grammatical clue or limit. Self-check labels do not award a grade or certify mastery.
218 of 218 entries shown · 0 marked for another review in this practice
adulescens, adulescentis m f.Noun
young man, young woman
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
ager, agri mNoun
field
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
agmen, agminis n.Noun
column (of men)
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
agricola, agricolae mNoun
farmer
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
amica, amicae f.Noun
friend (female)
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
amicus, amici mNoun
friend (male)
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
amor, amoris mNoun
love
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
ancilla, ancillae f.Noun
slave-girl, maid
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
animus, animi mNoun
mind, heart, feeling, spirit
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
annus, anni mNoun
year
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
aqua, aquae f.Noun
water
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
arbor, arboris f.Noun
tree
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
arma, armorum n. pl.Noun
arms, weapons
A plural-only noun in this use. Read neuter plural forms with their actual role, rather than assuming every -a ending is feminine singular.
ars, artis f.Noun
art, skill
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
auxilium, auxilii n.Noun
help
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
bellum, belli n.Noun
war
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
caelum, caeli n.Noun
sky
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
campus, campi m.Noun
plain
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
canis, canis m. f.Noun
dog
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
captivus, captivi m.Noun
prisoner
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
caput, capitis n.Noun
head
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
castra, castrorum n. pl.Noun
camp
A plural noun can refer to one camp. Preserve plural grammatical agreement even when English uses a singular noun.
casus, casus m.Noun
event, accident, misfortune
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
causa, causae f.Noun
cause, reason
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
cena, cenae f.Noun
dinner
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
centurio, centurionis m.Noun
centurion
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
cibus, cibi m.Noun
food
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
civis, civis m. f.Noun
citizen
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
civitas, civitatis f.Noun
state, community
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
clamor, clamoris mNoun
shout
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
comes, comitis m. f.Noun
companion
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
coniunx, coniugis m. f.Noun
husband, wife
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
consilium, consilii n.Noun
plan, policy
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
consul, consulis m.Noun
consul
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
copiae, copiarum f. pl.Noun
forces, troops
The plural can mean troops or military forces. The plural record is not simply an adjective meaning many.
corpus, corporis n.Noun
body
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
crimen, criminis n.Noun
charge, accusation
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
cura, curae f.Noun
care, concern
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
custos, custodis mNoun
guard
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
dea, deae f.Noun
goddess
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
deus, dei mNoun
god
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
dies, diei m f.Noun
day
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
diligentia, diligentiae f.Noun
diligence, industry, care
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
disciplina, disciplinae f.Noun
training, education, discipline
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
dolor, doloris m.Noun
pain, grief, sorrow
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
domina, dominae f.Noun
mistress
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
dominus, domini m.Noun
master
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
domus, domus f.Noun
house
Has mixed and locative uses. Domum for destination and domi for location are not interchangeable; consult the construction.
donum, doni n.Noun
gift
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
dux, ducis m f.Noun
leader, commander, guide
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
epistula, epistulae f.Noun
letter
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
eques, equitis m.Noun
cavalryman, rider; pl. cavalry
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
equus, equi m.Noun
horse
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
exercitus, exercitus m.Noun
army
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
fabula, fabulae f.Noun
story, tale
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
fama, famae f.Noun
rumour, reputation
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
femina, feminae f.Noun
woman
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
fides, fidei f.Noun
faith, confidence, honesty
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
filia, filiae f.Noun
daughter
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
filius, filii m.Noun
son
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
finis, finis m.Noun
end
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
flumen, fluminis n.Noun
river
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
fons, fontis m.Noun
spring, fountain
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
forma, formae f.Noun
form, beauty, shape
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
fortuna, -ae f.Noun
fortune, chance, luck
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
forum, fori n.Noun
forum, market-place
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
frater, fratris m.Noun
brother
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
fuga, fugae f.Noun
flight
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
gaudium, gaudii n.Noun
joy
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
gens, gentis f.Noun
tribe, nation, race
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
gladiator, gladiatoris m.Noun
gladiator
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
gladius, gladii m.Noun
sword
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
gloria, gloriae f.Noun
glory
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
hasta, hastae f.Noun
spear
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
homo, hominis m.Noun
man, person
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
hora, horae f.Noun
hour
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
hortus, horti m.Noun
garden
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
hostis, hostis m. f.Noun
enemy
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
ianua, ianuae f.Noun
door, entrance
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
ignis, ignis m.Noun
fire
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
imperator, imperatoris m.Noun
emperor, commander, general
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
imperium, imperii n.Noun
command, power, order
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
impetus, impetus m.Noun
charge, assault, attack
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
insula, insulae f.Noun
island, block of flats
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
ira, -ae f.Noun
anger
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
Italia, Italiae f.Noun
Italy
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
iter, itineris n.Noun
journey, march
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
iudex, iudicis m.Noun
judge, juror
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
iuvenis, iuvenis m.Noun
young man
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
labor, laboris m.Noun
work
Check the whole record: labor, laboris is work; labor, labi, lapsus sum is a deponent meaning slip or glide.
latus, lateris n.Noun
side
Check the forms: latus, lateris is a side; latus, -a, -um is the adjective broad.
laus, laudis f.Noun
praise, glory
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
legatus, -i m.Noun
envoy, senior officer
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
legio, legionis f.Noun
legion
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
lex, legis f.Noun
law
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
liber, libri m.Noun
book
Check the forms: liber, libri is a book; liber, libera, liberum is free. English meaning cannot be decided by the headword alone.
liberi, liberorum m. pl.Noun
children
The plural noun means children. Distinguish the adjective liber, free, and the singular noun liber, book.
libertus, liberti m.Noun
freedman
A freedman is formerly enslaved; this status is not identical to servus, a person still enslaved.
litus, litoris n.Noun
shore
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
locus, loci m. (pl. loca n.)Noun
place
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
ludus, ludi m.Noun
game, play, school
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
luna, lunae f.Noun
moon
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
lux, lucis f.Noun
light
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
magister, magistri m.Noun
teacher
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
manus, manus f.Noun
hand, band (of men)
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
mare, maris n.Noun
sea
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
mater, matris f.Noun
mother
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
matrimonium, matrimonii n.Noun
marriage
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
medicus, medici m.Noun
doctor
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
mens, mentis f.Noun
mind, intellect, purpose
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
mensa, mensae f.Noun
table
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
mercator, mercatoris m.Noun
merchant
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
metus, metus m.Noun
fear
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
miles, militis m.Noun
soldier
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
modus, modi m.Noun
way, method, measure, end, limit
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
mons, montis m.Noun
mountain
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
morbus, morbi m.Noun
disease, illness, sickness
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
mors, mortis f.Noun
death
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
mos, moris m.Noun
custom
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
multitudo, multitudinis f.Noun
crowd, a great number
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
murus, muri m.Noun
wall
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
nauta, nautae m.Noun
sailor
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
navis, navis f.Noun
ship
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
nomen, nominis n.Noun
name
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
nox, noctis f.Noun
night
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
nuntius, nuntii m.Noun
messenger, message
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
occasio, occasionis f.Noun
opportunity
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
oculus, oculi m.Noun
eye
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
odium, odii n.Noun
hatred
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
onus, oneris n.Noun
burden, load
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
oppidum, oppidi n.Noun
town
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
opus, operis n.Noun
work, piece of work
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
os, oris n.Noun
mouth, face
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
otium, otii n.Noun
leisure
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
panis, panis m.Noun
bread
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
parens, parentis m. f.Noun
parent
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
pars, partis f.Noun
part
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
pater, patris m.Noun
father
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
patria, patriae f.Noun
homeland
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
pax, pacis f.Noun
peace
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
pecunia, pecuniae f.Noun
money
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
periculum, periculi n.Noun
danger
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
pes, pedis m.Noun
foot
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
plebs, plebis f.Noun
common people
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
poena, poenae f.Noun
punishment, penalty
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
poeta, poetae m.Noun
poet
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
pons, pontis m.Noun
bridge
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
populus, populi m.Noun
people
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
porta, portae f.Noun
gate
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
portus, portus m.Noun
port, harbour
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
potestas, potestatis f.Noun
power
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
praeda, praedae f.Noun
plunder, booty, prey
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
praefectus, praefecti m.Noun
prefect, commander, chief
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
praemium, praemii n.Noun
reward
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
pretium, pretii n.Noun
price
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
princeps, principis m.Noun
chief, leader
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
proelium, proelii n.Noun
battle
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
puella, puellae f.Noun
girl
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
puer, pueri m.Noun
boy
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
pugna, pugnae f.Noun
battle, fight
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
regina, -ae f.Noun
queen
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
regnum, regni n.Noun
kingdom
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
res, rei f.Noun
thing, matter (or appropriate noun)
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
res publica, rei publicae f.Noun
state, republic
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
responsum, responsi n.Noun
answer
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
rex, regis m.Noun
king
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
ripa, ripae f.Noun
river bank
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
Roma, Romae f.Noun
Rome
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
Romanus, -i m.Noun
a Roman
The adjective means Roman and agrees with a noun; the separate masculine noun identifies a Roman person.
rus, ruris n.Noun
country, countryside
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
sagitta, sagittae f.Noun
arrow
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
salus, salutis f.Noun
safety
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
sanguis, sanguinis m.Noun
blood
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
sapientia, sapientiae f.Noun
wisdom
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
saxum, saxi n.Noun
rock
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
senator, senatoris m.Noun
senator
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
senex, senis m.Noun
old man
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
sermo, sermonis m.Noun
conversation, discussion, speech
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
servus, servi m.Noun
slave
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
signum, signi n.Noun
sign, signal, standard
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
silva, silvae f.Noun
wood
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
socius, socii m.Noun
ally, friend, companion
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
sol, solis m.Noun
sun
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
somnus, somni m.Noun
sleep
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
soror, sororis f.Noun
sister
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
spectaculum, spectaculi n.Noun
spectacle, show
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
spes, spei f.Noun
hope
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
stilus, stili m.Noun
stylus, pen
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
stola, stolae f.Noun
dress
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
studium, studii n.Noun
enthusiasm, eagerness, study
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
taberna, tabernae f.Noun
inn, tavern, shop
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
telum, teli n.Noun
weapon, missile
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
tempestas, tempestatis f.Noun
storm, season, weather
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
templum, templi n.Noun
temple
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
tempus, temporis n.Noun
time
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
terra, terrae f.Noun
earth, land
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
timor, timoris m.Noun
fear, fright
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
toga, togae f.Noun
toga
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
tunica, tunicae f.Noun
tunic
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
turba, turbae f.Noun
crowd, disturbance
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
urbs, urbis f.Noun
city
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
uxor, uxoris f.Noun
wife
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
vallum, valli n.Noun
rampart
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
venenum, veneni n.Noun
poison
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
ventus, venti m.Noun
wind
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
verbum, verbi n.Noun
word
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
vestimentum, vestimenti n.Noun
garment, clothes
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
via, viae f.Noun
street, road
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
villa, villae f.Noun
house, farm, villa
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
vinum, vini n.Noun
wine
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
vir, viri m.Noun
man, husband
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
virgo, virginis f.Noun
girl, maiden
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
virtus, virtutis f.Noun
manliness, courage, virtue
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
vis, vis (pl. vires) f.Noun
force (strength)
Irregular noun with plural vires; use the appropriate singular/plural forms and do not generate a full paradigm from the nominative alone.
vita, vitae f.Noun
life
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
vox, vocis f.Noun
voice
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
vulnus, vulneris n.Noun
wound
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
vultus, vultus m.Noun
face, expression
Use the dictionary genitive and gender to recognise the stem and agreement. In a sentence, case and verb identify its role; the first noun is not automatically the subject.
Learn a record, not one English label
The noun set contains every noun record from the reconciled list. Learn the nominative, the supplied genitive or stem clue and gender together. The abbreviations m., f. and n. mark masculine, feminine and neuter gender. A masculine first-declension noun such as agricola does not become feminine because its ending is -a. Gender is a grammatical category and need not be inferred from an English label alone.
When a word changes case, the genitive can expose a stem that the nominative hides: rex, regis gives reg-, while corpus, corporis gives corpor-. The sentence then establishes the role. A dictionary meaning such as gift cannot decide whether a particular form is the subject, object or recipient.
Preserve distinct records
Liber, libri is a book, while liber, libera, liberum is free; latus, lateris is a side, while the adjective latus is broad. Labor, laboris is work and differs from the deponent labor, labi. The card's full form and construction distinguish homonyms.
Castra is grammatically plural even when English says one camp; arma and the military copiae likewise need their listed plural information. Locus has a listed neuter plural loca. Do not manufacture every plural or assign a referent from the first spelling alone.
Sources for this lesson
Pause and explain
Does castra have to become Latin singular because English calls it one camp?
Worked example
Translate the original ‘Agricola dona puellae dat’ and explain the noun roles.
Show the worked solution
- Agricola is nominative singular despite its -a ending.
- Dona is the neuter plural object.
- Puellae is the dative recipient under dat.
Answer The farmer gives gifts to the girl. The case construction makes agricola the giver, dona the objects and puellae the recipient; alphabetical position or an English meaning alone does not establish those roles.
Try a topic test
Choose Easy, Normal or Difficult. Save your answers and open worked review after finishing.
Test this topic →From guided practice to a new situation
Write your answer and reasoning first. Use a hint only if you are stuck. The model solution is for self-checking; your written work is not automatically marked.
Guided: In ‘Rex donum amico dat’, identify what is given and who receives it.
Give me a hint
Read accusative and dative roles.
Compare my reasoning
- Rex is the subject.
- Donum is the neuter singular object.
- Amico is dative in this construction.
The king gives a gift to a friend. Donum identifies the thing given and amico the recipient; the noun meanings and endings must be read together.
Look for these in your work
- Identifies subject
- Uses object case
- Uses recipient
Independent: Compare ‘liber, libri’ and ‘liber, libera, liberum’.
Give me a hint
Use the full forms and kind.
Compare my reasoning
- The first is a noun record.
- The second supplies adjective forms.
- Translate book versus free in a fitting context.
The noun record identifies a book, while the adjective record means free and agrees with what it describes. A shared headword spelling cannot replace the record's forms and sentence evidence.
Look for these in your work
- Uses full records
- Distinguishes kinds
- Distinguishes meanings
Application: A draft makes agricola feminine solely from -a. Explain what it must check.
Give me a hint
The dictionary gender and agreement control.
Compare my reasoning
- Check the masculine label.
- Distinguish declension from gender.
- Read the actual agreeing forms.
Agricola is a masculine noun in this record, though it follows the first declension. The draft must check gender and actual agreement rather than make an ending-based assumption that changes the person or adjective form.
Look for these in your work
- Uses gender
- Separates declension
- Checks agreement
Common mistakes
- Assuming all -a nouns are feminine
- Using a headword without its other forms
- Making English singular force Latin singular agreement
What can you explain now?
Does castra have to become Latin singular because English calls it one camp?
Compare with the explanation
No
The grammatical plural record and agreement remain relevant despite English idiom.
After trying it yourself, choose your next review. This is your self-assessment.
Your review choice appears on Today. Sign in to sync it across devices.
Make it stick
Does castra have to become Latin singular because English calls it one camp?
If you needed the solution, close it and solve the problem again from a blank page. A correct answer is stronger when you can explain the reason for each step.