IGCSE · Pearson Edexcel · 4MA1

Higher: scale and reflect sine graphs in degrees

Separate output scaling from input scaling, recover signed factors from labelled landmarks, and draw the valid transformed graphs.

Section 3.3 · Graphs (teaching linked; review pending)

Pearson 4MA1 · Additional Higher Graphs · Function transformations · Additional Higher 3.3B / Additional Higher 3.3C

Exam scope and assessment notes

Additional Higher only. Higher includes the shared Foundation content. The Graphs route has nine shared lessons, two Higher line-equation lessons, four Higher graph-family lessons, then these nine transformation lessons. H:3.3B requires all eight core transformation lessons: all four forms f(x)+a, f(x+a), af(x), f(ax) across linear, quadratic, degree sine and degree cosine graphs, with worked construction and every practice stage. H:3.3C requires equation recovery and analysis in all eight core lessons plus the ninth domain/equivalence/order synthesis lesson. This nine-lesson split is StudyForA’s teaching design, not a syllabus-prescribed lesson count. Map landmarks, write equations and draw the original and both target graphs on labelled axes; an automatic trace alone does not replace these constructions. Finite interval endpoints in these exercises are included and infinite bounds are not. Retain input preimages and exclusions; zero factors, even or periodic formulas do not restore invalid arguments or establish a unique history. The bounded interactive examples support exploration, not a general expression or composition parser. All nine Foundation and seven additional Higher Graphs source rows have teaching and staged-practice links. These links do not establish exhaustive subskill approval, mastery or examination readiness; specialist review and formal assessment validation remain pending. Written work is not automatically marked; explained answers support self-checking, not exam marks or proof of mastery. Specialist review and formal assessment validation remain unestablished. Pearson chapter-map and uncorrected-proof navigation remain separate evidence; final full-book and Teaching Hub alignment has not been verified.

Before you begin

Evaluate the original sine rule and plot exact coordinate pairs.
Read function notation and solve simple equations with signed fractions.
Use interval domains and ranges and standard degree sine/cosine values.

Work on paper. Try each question before revealing help, and explain why your method works.

Quick readiness check

For y=3sin(2x), which amplitude/period pair is correct?

What you will learn

Apply af(x) and f(ax), with nonzero a to sine graphs using exact point mappings.
Recover unknown parameters and transformed equations from known forms and labelled correspondences.
Draw the original and both targets, retaining exact domains and ranges and distinguishing amplitude from the full-rule period measured in degrees.

Choose a transformation example

Original: f(x) = sin(x°). Target: y = af(x), with a = 2. All angles and horizontal shifts use degrees.

Original function domain

The domain choice changes the original exercise deliberately. Every finite interval endpoint here is included; an infinite bound is never included.

Transformation parameter aSelected target input x

Applied equation: y = 2 × sin(x°). Original domain: All real numbers; target domain: All real numbers. Original range: [-1, 1]; target range: [-2, 2].

Point rule: (u,v) → (u, (2)v).

The extending target formula has amplitude 2 and least positive period 360°. The all-real target has that period.

Transformation graph window

Blue dashed: original. Red solid: target. Filled points mark supplied landmarks or included endpoints; grey dotted joins show point correspondences, not additional curves. If traces coincide, the red trace can cover the blue. The window is x from -360 to 360, y from -5 to 5; it does not change either mathematical domain.

At target input x=0, use original argument 0. Exact target output = 0. The selected target point is ringed in white.

Show transformation values and mapped landmarks

Target x	Original argument	Target output
-180	-180	0
-90	-90	-2
0	0	0
30	30	1
60	60	(2) × (√3/2)
90	90	2
180	180	0

Original (u,v)	Image (x,y)
(30, 1/2)	(30, 1)
(90, 1)	(90, 2)

Exact fractions and standard-angle expressions may remain unsimplified. Other sine/cosine readings are marked approximate. The curve is a numerical illustration; your own drawn graph readings are approximate. Use the point correspondences, equation and domain together to check your construction.

Original fixed StudyForA exploration. Controls accept bounded rational numbers; this bound does not redefine the mathematical domain. Construct the original and both requested target graphs on labelled axes in the worked and staged tasks. This tool does not mark written work, prove mastery, infer a unique transformation history from a final trace, or replace specialist and formal assessment review.

Separate sine amplitude from a signed output factor

For y=af(x), multiply every sine height by a and keep each degree input. A negative factor reflects in the x-axis; amplitude is nonnegative, so the amplitude of aC sin x is |aC|. The full-rule period remains 360° for these nonzero output factors, and the midline stays y=0.

Map zeros and peaks as well as the supplied half-height points. An old zero cannot recover an output factor because every factor sends it to zero. Use a nonzero labelled height, calculate a=v_new/v_old, then check the second correspondence. Draw a smooth wave through the resulting exact landmarks.

Change the sine input and its period

For y=f(ax), solve ax=u, giving (u,v)→(u/a,v). The amplitude stays |C|, while the full-rule period becomes 360°/|a|. A negative a reflects in the y-axis as well as scaling horizontal coordinates; a factor of magnitude below 1 makes the horizontal spacing larger.

Sine is odd: sin(−x)=−sin x on the full real degree domain. Thus an input reflection and an output factor −1 can describe the same full trace, though their point mappings differ. Do not confuse this identity with a general statement that input and output factors are interchangeable: their effects on period and amplitude usually differ.

Keep degree scales and restricted preimages

Draw the original and both targets on degree axes with space for their mapped peaks and zeros. Use amplitude and period to add suitable landmarks rather than joining a few points by straight segments. The equations fix those coordinates exactly; estimates read elsewhere from the drawing are approximate.

With a restricted original interval, require ax to lie in that interval and reverse inequalities when dividing by a negative number. The range is unchanged under a nonzero input scale, but the allowed horizontal interval changes. A period such as 720° describes the full extended rule, not a claim that a finite restricted piece repeats globally.

Sources for this lesson

Pearson Mathematics A linear specification · Issue 2 · printed page34

Pause and explain

Which full real degree identity is correct?

Put the idea to work

Worked example

Start from f(x)=sin x, with domain all real x (in degrees) and range [-1, 1]. Original landmarks: (90, 1), (30, 1/2). A uses y=af(x) with a=2: an output scale of magnitude 2. B uses y=f(ax) with a=2: a horizontal coordinate scale of 1/2. Draw the original and both targets yourself on labelled axes, choosing scales that show the landmarks and the valid portions. State each mapping, exact equation, domain and range; map the supplied points and verify one additional point. Use degree axes, and state amplitude, midline and the period of each underlying full rule.

Show the worked solution

A: an output scale of magnitude 2. Use (u,v) → (u,av) with a=2. The labelled points become (90, 1) → (90, 2); (30, 1/2) → (30, 1). B: a horizontal coordinate scale of 1/2. Use (u,v) → (u/a,v), with a≠0 with a=2. The labelled points become (90, 1) → (45, 1); (30, 1/2) → (15, 1/2).
A: y=2sin(x); all angles in degrees. Domain all real x (in degrees); range [-2, 2]. The original inputs remain allowed; multiply the output interval and reorder its endpoints if the factor is negative. Amplitude 2, midline y=0, underlying full-rule period 360°. B: y=sin(2x); all angles in degrees. Domain all real x (in degrees); range [-1, 1]. Require (2)x in the original domain; divide its endpoints by the parameter and reorder them when it is negative. Amplitude 1, midline y=0, underlying full-rule period 180°.
Check the extra original point (-90, -1): A gives (-90, -2) and B gives (-45, -1). Substitute each image into its target equation and keep it in the allowed domain. Draw the original and both target traces through the mapped points, using a straight line for linear portions and a smooth curve for the other families. Label A and B separately even if traces coincide. Exact coordinates come from these rules; readings between drawn points are approximate. Include consecutive repeated full-rule landmarks when choosing the view, or mark how the restricted endpoints prevent a complete repeat.

Answer A: y=2sin(x); all angles in degrees; D=all real x (in degrees), R=[-2, 2]. Amplitude 2, underlying period 360°. B: y=sin(2x); all angles in degrees; D=all real x (in degrees), R=[-1, 1]. Amplitude 1, underlying period 180°.

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From guided practice to a new situation

Write your answer and reasoning first. Use a hint only if you are stuck. The model solution is for self-checking; your written work is not automatically marked.

1 · Guided

Start from f(x)=sin x, with domain all real x (in degrees) and range [-1, 1]. Original landmarks: (30, 1/2), (90, 1). A uses y=af(x) with a=-3: an output scale of magnitude 3 followed by reflection in the x-axis. B uses y=f(ax) with a=-1: a horizontal coordinate scale of 1 together with reflection in the y-axis. Draw the original and both targets yourself on labelled axes, choosing scales that show the landmarks and the valid portions. State each mapping, exact equation, domain and range; map the supplied points and verify one additional point. Use degree axes, and state amplitude, midline and the period of each underlying full rule. For B, sin(−x)=−sin x on the full real degree domain. This input reflection has the same trace as an output factor −1, while A has output factor −3 and a different amplitude.

Give me a hint

Track one coordinate at a time. For an input change set the new argument equal to the old input, then solve for the new horizontal coordinate. Apply the same rule to the domain endpoints.

Compare my reasoning

A: an output scale of magnitude 3 followed by reflection in the x-axis. Use (u,v) → (u,av) with a=-3. The labelled points become (30, 1/2) → (30, -3/2); (90, 1) → (90, -3). B: a horizontal coordinate scale of 1 together with reflection in the y-axis. Use (u,v) → (u/a,v), with a≠0 with a=-1. The labelled points become (30, 1/2) → (-30, 1/2); (90, 1) → (-90, 1).
A: y=-3sin(x); all angles in degrees. Domain all real x (in degrees); range [-3, 3]. The original inputs remain allowed; multiply the output interval and reorder its endpoints if the factor is negative. Amplitude 3, midline y=0, underlying full-rule period 360°. B: y=sin(−x); all angles in degrees. Domain all real x (in degrees); range [-1, 1]. Require (-1)x in the original domain; divide its endpoints by the parameter and reorder them when it is negative. Amplitude 1, midline y=0, underlying full-rule period 360°.
Check the extra original point (-90, -1): A gives (-90, 3) and B gives (90, -1). Substitute each image into its target equation and keep it in the allowed domain. Draw the original and both target traces through the mapped points, using a straight line for linear portions and a smooth curve for the other families. Label A and B separately even if traces coincide. Exact coordinates come from these rules; readings between drawn points are approximate. For B, sin(−x)=−sin x on the full real degree domain. This input reflection has the same trace as an output factor −1, while A has output factor −3 and a different amplitude. Include consecutive repeated full-rule landmarks when choosing the view, or mark how the restricted endpoints prevent a complete repeat.

A: y=-3sin(x); all angles in degrees; D=all real x (in degrees), R=[-3, 3]. Amplitude 3, underlying period 360°. B: y=sin(−x); all angles in degrees; D=all real x (in degrees), R=[-1, 1]. Amplitude 1, underlying period 360°.

Look for these in your work

Draw and label the original plus both targets, with all supplied and one extra point mapped correctly.
Give both exact equations and their actual domains and ranges, preserving restricted endpoints.
Use degrees and separate amplitude from period; qualify periods of restricted portions.

2 · Independent

Start from f(x)=2sin x, with domain all real x (in degrees) and range [-2, 2]. Original landmarks: (90, 2), (30, 1). A is known to have form y=af(x); its labelled correspondences are (90, 2) → (90, 1); (30, 1) → (30, 1/2). B is known to have form y=f(ax); its labelled correspondences are (90, 2) → (180, 2); (30, 1) → (60, 1). Recover each unknown a from those correspondences and explain why the given form matters. Draw the original and both targets yourself on labelled axes, choosing scales that show the landmarks and the valid portions. State each mapping, exact equation, domain and range; map the supplied points and verify one additional point. Use degree axes, and state amplitude, midline and the period of each underlying full rule.

Give me a hint

Use the known form to decide which coordinate is preserved. Recover an output shift by a difference, an input shift from u=x+a, an output scale from y=av, or an input scale from u=ax; choose a nonzero coordinate for division.

Compare my reasoning

A: Using (90, 2) → (90, 1), a=y/v=(1)/(2)=1/2. Use (u,v) → (u,av) with a=1/2. The labelled points become (90, 2) → (90, 1); (30, 1) → (30, 1/2). B: Using (90, 2) → (180, 2), u=ax, so a=u/x=(90)/(180)=1/2. Use (u,v) → (u/a,v), with a≠0 with a=1/2. The labelled points become (90, 2) → (180, 2); (30, 1) → (60, 1).
A: y=sin(x); all angles in degrees. Domain all real x (in degrees); range [-1, 1]. The original inputs remain allowed; multiply the output interval and reorder its endpoints if the factor is negative. Amplitude 1, midline y=0, underlying full-rule period 360°. B: y=2sin((1/2)x); all angles in degrees. Domain all real x (in degrees); range [-2, 2]. Require (1/2)x in the original domain; divide its endpoints by the parameter and reorder them when it is negative. Amplitude 2, midline y=0, underlying full-rule period 720°.
Check the extra original point (-90, -2): A gives (-90, -1) and B gives (-180, -2). Substitute each image into its target equation and keep it in the allowed domain. Draw the original and both target traces through the mapped points, using a straight line for linear portions and a smooth curve for the other families. Label A and B separately even if traces coincide. Exact coordinates come from these rules; readings between drawn points are approximate. Include consecutive repeated full-rule landmarks when choosing the view, or mark how the restricted endpoints prevent a complete repeat.

A: y=sin(x); all angles in degrees; D=all real x (in degrees), R=[-1, 1]. Amplitude 1, underlying period 360°. B: y=2sin((1/2)x); all angles in degrees; D=all real x (in degrees), R=[-2, 2]. Amplitude 2, underlying period 720°.

Look for these in your work

Draw and label the original plus both targets, with all supplied and one extra point mapped correctly.
Give both exact equations and their actual domains and ranges, preserving restricted endpoints.
Recover each unknown parameter from labelled correspondences and the stated form.

3 · Transfer

Start from f(x)=sin x, with domain [-90°, 90°] and range [-1, 1]. Original landmarks: (30, 1/2), (90, 1). A uses y=af(x) with a=-2: an output scale of magnitude 2 followed by reflection in the x-axis. B uses y=f(ax) with a=-1/2: a horizontal coordinate scale of 2 together with reflection in the y-axis. Draw the original and both targets yourself on labelled axes, choosing scales that show the landmarks and the valid portions. State each mapping, exact equation, domain and range; map the supplied points and verify one additional point. Use degree axes, and state amplitude, midline and the period of each underlying full rule. Include the finite endpoints. Explain why extending a drawing or rewriting a formula does not restore an excluded original input.

Give me a hint

Track one coordinate at a time. For an input change set the new argument equal to the old input, then solve for the new horizontal coordinate. Apply the same rule to the domain endpoints.

Compare my reasoning

A: an output scale of magnitude 2 followed by reflection in the x-axis. Use (u,v) → (u,av) with a=-2. The labelled points become (30, 1/2) → (30, -1); (90, 1) → (90, -2). B: a horizontal coordinate scale of 2 together with reflection in the y-axis. Use (u,v) → (u/a,v), with a≠0 with a=-1/2. The labelled points become (30, 1/2) → (-60, 1/2); (90, 1) → (-180, 1).
A: y=-2sin(x); all angles in degrees. Domain [-90°, 90°]; range [-2, 2]. The original inputs remain allowed; multiply the output interval and reorder its endpoints if the factor is negative. Amplitude 2, midline y=0, underlying full-rule period 360°. This finite restricted graph has no global repetition domain; the stated period belongs to its full extension. B: y=sin((-1/2)x); all angles in degrees. Domain [-180°, 180°]; range [-1, 1]. Require (-1/2)x in the original domain; divide its endpoints by the parameter and reorder them when it is negative. Amplitude 1, midline y=0, underlying full-rule period 720°. This finite restricted graph has no global repetition domain; the stated period belongs to its full extension.
Check the extra original point (-90, -1): A gives (-90, 2) and B gives (180, -1). Substitute each image into its target equation and keep it in the allowed domain. Draw the original and both target traces through the mapped points, using a straight line for linear portions and a smooth curve for the other families. Label A and B separately even if traces coincide. Exact coordinates come from these rules; readings between drawn points are approximate. The endpoint images for A are (-90, -1) → (-90, 2); (90, 1) → (90, -2). The endpoint images for B are (-90, -1) → (180, -1); (90, 1) → (-180, 1). Include consecutive repeated full-rule landmarks when choosing the view, or mark how the restricted endpoints prevent a complete repeat.

A: y=-2sin(x); all angles in degrees; D=[-90°, 90°], R=[-2, 2]. Amplitude 2, underlying period 360°. B: y=sin((-1/2)x); all angles in degrees; D=[-180°, 180°], R=[-1, 1]. Amplitude 1, underlying period 720°.

Look for these in your work

Draw and label the original plus both targets, with all supplied and one extra point mapped correctly.
Give both exact equations and their actual domains and ranges, preserving restricted endpoints.
Use degrees and separate amplitude from period; qualify periods of restricted portions.

Common mistakes

Multiplying horizontal coordinates by a for f(ax) instead of dividing by nonzero a.
Dropping a constant under output scaling, or failing to reverse finite bounds for negative input factors.
Treating an unchanged even trace as an unchanged point mapping or treating a signed coefficient as a negative amplitude or period.

Recall without your notes

What can you explain now?

For y=−2sin(x/3), state amplitude and the least positive full-rule period in degrees.

Compare with the explanation

Amplitude 2; period 1080°.

Take the absolute output coefficient and divide 360° by the magnitude 1/3 of the input factor.

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Make it stick

Explain the input and output mappings, recover a parameter from a labelled point, and state how a restricted domain survives the change. State amplitude and period separately, using degrees.

If you needed the solution, close it and solve the problem again from a blank page. A correct answer is stronger when you can explain the reason for each step.

Keep learning Mathematics A

Check the official syllabus Issue 2 · November 2026 / June 2027 entries checked

Course scope and assessment

Linked teaching: sections 1.1 to 1.11, 2.1 to 2.8, 3.1 to 3.4,4.1–4.11 and5.1–5.2 and6.1–6.3; 2.5, 3.2,3.4 and5.1 are Higher only. This includes Foundation content inherited by Higher and Higher extensions for recurring decimals, surds, fractional powers, algebraic sets, Venn counts, repeated percentage changes, calculations with measurement bounds and standard-form application problems. Algebra includes Foundation symbols, integer index laws, substitution, like terms, brackets and monic factorisation, plus Higher fractional indices, multiple brackets, non-monic factorisation, algebraic fraction operations with domain restrictions, completing the square and proofs. Formulae include derivation from words and diagrams, substitution, single-occurrence subject changes including squares and roots, and Higher repeated-subject and harder power/root rearrangements. Linear equations cover both sides, brackets, fractional coefficients and constructing models from data. Section 2.5 adds all eight direct/inverse x, square, cube and square-root proportion families with actual graph exploration and domain checks. Section 2.6 adds shared elimination and substitution, exact fractions, contextual feasibility and repeated or inconsistent conditions; the additional Higher graphical lesson interprets genuine-line intersections, vertical lines and off-screen crossings. Section 2.7 adds Foundation monic quadratic factorisation, with Higher general factorisation, quadratic-formula and completing-square alternatives, context derivation and line–parabola/line–circle systems including full branches and exact paired solutions. Section 2.8 adds required open/closed number-line intervals, linear and compound solving, construction and identification of Cartesian regions, and Higher quadratic sign intervals and harder linear regions. Its Cartesian boundary-drawing convention note does not remove number-line endpoint requirements. Section 3.1 adds term-to-term and position-to-term generation, integer continuation and linear nth terms, plus Higher arithmetic a,d recovery, the general nth-term formula and finite arithmetic sums. Section 3.2 adds Higher-only mappings, both function notations, actual domain/range reasoning, composition in Pearson order with original restrictions, and affine/rational/restricted-branch inverses. Section 3.3 has nine shared coordinate, straight-line, travel, speed, conversion and quadratic-plotting lessons, followed by two additional Higher line-equation lessons, four Higher graph-family lessons, nine transformation/equation-recovery lessons and three drawn-tangent/intersection lessons. All nine Foundation source rows have lesson links, with paired interpretation and linear/quadratic plotting breadth guards. The broad additional Higher H3.3A row requires integer polynomial/cubic, sparse mixed reciprocal, degree sine/cosine and degree tangent lessons with every practice stage. H3.3B requires all four transformation forms across linear, quadratic, degree sine and degree cosine functions in eight core lessons; H3.3C also requires their algebra recovery and the ninth domain/equivalence/order synthesis lesson. H3.3D requires drawn-tangent construction and signed rise/run using actual units; calculus is not a replacement. H3.3E requires both line/quadratic and genuine line/cubic intersections and their nonlinear-minus-linear difference graphs, with all practice stages. All sixteen Graphs source rows now have teaching and staged-practice links; exhaustive subskill approval, mastery and assessment readiness remain unestablished. Section 3.4 adds six Higher-only lessons for variable rates, integer-power differentiation, gradient/rate conditions, stationary coordinates classified by original graph shape, one-dimensional motion and other practical models. H3.4C requires gradient and stationary slices; H3.4E requires both motion and other-practical slices. Preserve original domains, negative-power exclusions, admissible counts and boundary candidates. All five source rows have structural links, not exhaustive subskill approval or specialist/assessment validation. Section4.1 adds six shared Foundation/inherited-Higher lessons for selected acute/right/obtuse/reflex arcs, point/straight/intersection and parallel-transversal angles, triangle sums/exteriors, isosceles/equilateral and right/mixed triangles. All four shared rows have structural links; B requires both local and parallel strands and D both special and right-triangle strands, each with every practice stage. No additional H4.1 rows are invented. Preserve labelled geometry and reasons, the auxiliary-parallel triangle-sum argument, actual straight extensions, inclusive equilateral/isosceles and right-isosceles categories, and impossible/insufficient-data checks. Section4.5 constructions,4.4 measurement/bearings and the full H4.7 reasoning scope remain separate, without a blanket formal-proof waiver. Section4.2 adds seven shared Foundation/inherited-Higher Polygons lessons for all nine named polygon examples, convex/concave quadrilateral sums, all six named quadrilateral property families, general/regular polygon angles and congruence correspondence. Its seven rows A–G have structural links, with no additional Higher rows; C requires both family lessons and every practice stage. F/G remain two distinct published IDs supported by the same congruence lesson. Rhombus/square and kite endpoint-angle bisection and isosceles-trapezium equal diagonals are conservative standard-property breadth, not invented verbatim source bullets. Preserve reflex interiors, valid internal triangulations, local trapezium/kite conventions, exact integer side counts and impossible-data guards. Section4.3 symmetry,4.5 formal constructions,4.11 similarity and the full H4.7A reasoning programme remain separate. Literal book tags omit A; G has no Hub tag, and the Book2 map/proof congruence location and chapter7 page-range conflict remain unresolved. Section4.3 adds three shared Foundation/inherited-Higher Symmetry lessons for the one F4.3A source row, requiring every lesson and practice stage for the joint line/rotation capabilities. Draw all mirror lines, test a fixed original against a separate tracing about a chosen centre, count identity once and distinguish order1 from a blank circle’s non-finite rotations. Preserve indentations and true physical disk/colour features; the chosen missing-vertex parallelogram completion is original breadth, not an extra row or4.5construction credit. No additional H4.3 row is invented. The sole literal book link is Book2 Shape and Space6; no Book1 tag or explicit4.3Hub tag is invented, and its mapped chapter body/full final-book alignment remains unverified. Section4.5construction,5.2transformations,4.11similarity and full Higher reasoning remain separate. Section4.4 adds eight shared Foundation/inherited-Higher Measures lessons for seven A–G source rows and no additional Higher rows. Use complete instrument-scale, time-interval, sensible-estimate, nearest-degree protractor and three-figure-bearing teaching. F4.4F requires the full speed lesson; broad F4.4G requires speed, density and pressure, each with its worked explanation and every practice stage, with source binding on the same complete record. Preserve calibrated ticks and actual instrument action, compatible units, midnight/day order, approximate readings and north conventions. Keep numerical references hidden until calibrated attempts. Time recovery requires positive speed; at zero speed positive distance is impossible and zero distance alone is underdetermined. Density uses positive volume, displacement differences and explicit additive-volume assumptions; pressure uses the given formula, supplied forces and positive contact areas. Literal book navigation names only D and G; no A/B/C/E/F tags are invented, and Book1 map255–268/proof256–269 remains unresolved. These structural links do not complete4.5 instrument/compass constructions or scale drawings,5.2 transformations or formal assessment. Section4.5 adds six shared Foundation/inherited-Higher Construction lessons for four A–D rows and no additional Higher rows. A requires both nearest-millimetre measurement and actual line drawing. BroadB requires complete triangles and other two-dimensional shapes; broadD requires both straight-edge-and-compasses bisectors. Source binding and complete teaching/worked/all three practice stages must belong to the same required record. Use real ruler, protractor and compass action with retained construction evidence, physical calibration and honest approximate readings. Keep private endpoint readings, pose coordinates, solved vertices/crossings and reference directions hidden before instrument attempts. Respect valid mirror branches and selected minor/reflex angles; reject impossible triangles, insufficient data and degenerate crossings. Scale drawings require construction before measuring the unknown, compatible units and a labelled positive scale; drawing placement offsets remain givens. Literal book navigation names B/C/D only in Book2 Shape and Space6 with Hubs37/36/38. A has no literal chapter/Hub tag and no Book1 tag is invented. Public proof contents agree with map128–160 and show generic Constructions139, but the relevant body, full-book/Hub content and exact subtype pages remain unavailable. These structural links do not grant4.6 circle properties,4.7 whole geometrical reasoning,4.8 trigonometry,4.9 mensuration,4.11 maps/similarity,5.2 transformations or loci credit. The nearby circle formal-proof note is not imported. Section4.6 adds nine original Circle properties lessons for two shared Foundation and three additional Higher rows. The first three shared lessons cover all nine named parts, both chord/centre implications and both tangent facts. F4.6B requires both chord and tangent lessons. Additional Higher H4.6A requires both internal-chord and external-secant products with original named lengths, positive lengths and correct internal/near-far point order. H4.6B requires actual concyclic boundary vertices. H4.6C requires all five theorem parts across centre/circumference, diameter/same-segment, cyclic-opposite-angle and alternate-segment lessons. Every required slice needs substantive teaching, explained worked work and all three practice stages on one source-bound record; no half-row or untagged duplicate closes the bundle. Keep given marks separate from derived marks and retain selected major/minor arcs, tangent rays and physical algebraic-root domains. The no-formal-proof note belongs to H4.6C, not a blanket H4.6A/H4.7 exemption. Literal Book2 chapter5 tags F4.6B/H4.6B/H4.6C and chapter8 tags H4.6A/H4.6C are navigation only; no F4.6A or Book1 tag is invented. Chapter8 map326–349 versus proof chapter-start325 and next chapter349 remains unresolved; relevant final bodies and Hub content are unverified. These structural links do not complete construction, whole geometrical reasoning, trigonometry or mensuration, or establish specialist approval, mastery or formal assessment. Section4.7 adds five original Geometrical reasoning lessons for one shared F4.7A and one additional H4.7A row. The shared row jointly requires line/triangle, polygon and chord/tangent numerical reasoning, including lengths; the Higher row jointly requires both circle and mixed-angle standard-statement chains. Every required record needs substantive teaching, its explained worked example and all three fresh practice stages, with the source ID on that same complete record. Preserve actual diagram hypotheses, common arcs, contact radii, selected tangent rays, cyclic/straight point order, valid internal triangulations and the unknown regular-polygon outline after deduction. Each geometric equation needs a named reason; a correct number or sufficient text length does not validate an arbitrary written argument. The H4.6C formal-theorem-proof note remains local, not a blanket4.7 waiver. Only literal H4.7A Book1 Shape and Space1/Hub89,137,138,139 navigation is used; no Foundation4.7A or Book2 tag is invented. Public Book1 chapter60–99 is available but does not establish full Higher circle-angle or Hub body scope. These links do not award4.5construction skill, specialist approval, mastery or formal assessment. Section4.8 adds eleven original Trigonometry and Pythagoras’ theorem lessons for three shared F4.8A–C and six additional H4.8A–F rows. The first four are shared; the last seven are additional Higher. F4.8B jointly requires lengths with all acute ratios and inverse-angle work; H4.8C jointly requires sine-rule and cosine-rule teaching. Every row needs all its named source-bound records, substantive teaching, explained worked work and every Guided/Independent/Transfer stage. Preserve both missing-leg and missing-hypotenuse Pythagoras, signed bearing components with local north, all three obtuse functions, actual elevation/depression horizontals, admissible SSA branches and included-angle area restrictions. Three-dimensional work requires perpendicular sections and the actual foot/projection for a line-plane angle; plane-plane angles are excluded. Positive physical lengths, inverse domains, triangle inequalities, degree mode, exact forms and final-only rounding remain explicit. Chosen SSA two/one/no and inverse-area comparisons are safeguards, not extra syllabus rows. Literal navigation uses Book1 SS1–4 only: no Book2 tag or dedicated H4.8A Hub is invented. Hub145 is tagged F4.8A in SS1 and H4.8D in SS3; the former title does not extend Foundation into3D. Public Pythagoras body74–76 is available, but SS2/3/4 bodies and Hub content are unverified. SS2 map176–197 versus summary198, and SS3 map243–254 versus proof-start244/summary255 remain unresolved. No4.5construction,4.9mensuration, full-book, specialist, mastery or formal-assessment credit follows from these structural links. Section4.9 adds eight original Mensuration lessons for five shared F4.9A–E and one additional H4.9A row. The first six are shared; the last two are Higher. F4.9E jointly requires complete circle and semicircle/compound-boundary lessons; H4.9A jointly requires degree arcs/perimeters and sector-area/recovery lessons. Every required source-bound record needs substantive teaching, its explained worked example, checks and all Guided/Independent/Transfer stages. Retain both-direction linear/area conversions, exposed polygon boundary traces and internal joins, triangle/rectangle decomposition and contained disjoint cutouts, outside perpendicular heights, both parallelogram/trapezium methods, radius/diameter recovery and semicircle arc-versus-perimeter distinctions. Preserve major/remaining sector sweeps, positive physical roots, inverse dimensions, annular inner arcs and radial gaps, compatible square/linear units and question-specific precision; no universal3sf rule is invented. Radians are excluded; ordinary sector arc-plus-two-radii boundaries require0<θ<360, while a full disk has no radial cuts. Literal Book1 SS1 tags B/C/D/E and HigherA with Hubs47/48/118, plus Number4A/Hub14, are navigation only; no Book2 tag or verified Hub body is inferred. Public SS1contents summary98 versus actual99 and Number4map198–206 versus proof199–207/next208 stay explicit. Chosen compound/inverse/annular safeguards do not add source rows or grant construction, volume, similarity, full-book, specialist, mastery or formal-assessment credit. Section4.10 adds nine original 3D shapes and volume lessons for six shared F4.10A–F rows and one additional H4.10A row. The first seven are shared; the final sphere and right-cone lessons are additional Higher. Teach all seven named solid families, complete face/edge/vertex incidence with hidden features, planar triangle/rectangle surface inventories and cylinder surfaces with actual open/closed conditions. F4.10E requires both complete prism and cylinder-volume slices; H4.10A requires both complete sphere and right-cone surface-and-volume slices. Every required source-bound record needs substantive teaching, worked methods, checks and all Guided/Independent/Transfer stages. Preserve actual face altitudes, positive inverse dimensions, full-length groove conditions, internal capacity and fill levels, contact-patch removal, cubic unit factors and1L=1000cm³. Curved-solid tasks state their flat-face/rim/apex convention without inventing a universal mark-scheme count. Nets, joins, inverse applications and solid hemispheres are chosen breadth, not extra official rows or instrument, frustum, similarity, pyramid-volume or hollow-capacity credit. Keep exact values/π and question-specific precision, including explicit significant trailing zeroes or scientific form. Literal Book2 Shape and Space9 tags C/D/E/F and HigherA are navigation only; no A/B or Book1 tags are inferred. Hubs56/57/55/84/131 do not establish body coverage, and no F4.10F Hub tag is invented. Map359–385 versus proof358–384/next385 remains unresolved; relevant chapter body and full-book/Hub content are unavailable. Specialist, formal-assessment and mastery approval remain pending. Section4.11 adds seven original Similarity lessons for exactly two shared F4.11A/B rows and three additional H4.11A/B/C rows. The first four are shared correspondence, forward/inverse lengths, maps and plans; the final three cover area factors, volume factors and mixed problems. F4.11A requires both complete correspondence and length slices, and F4.11B requires both map and plan slices, with source binding, substantive teaching, worked methods, checks and every explained Guided/Independent/Transfer stage in the same actual record. Retain matching angles and every corresponding side, concave reflex corners, positive factors, inverse recovery, parallel/shared-vertex hypotheses, whole/part order, compatible units, route versus direct distance, and uniform print-resizing scale recovery. Higher work distinguishes k, k² and k³, positive roots, similarity hypotheses, unit powers, actual closed-cuboid total surfaces, physical dimensions, exact money before rounding, and parallel-section cone subtraction as a chosen application. No extra official row, transformations, instrument calibration, formal construction or general frustum-formula credit is claimed. Literal Book2 Shape and Space6 F4.11B/Hub36, Shape and Space7 F4.11A/Hub85, and Shape and Space9 H4.11A/B/C with Hubs143/144 are navigation only, with no Book1 tag invented. Shape and Space6 map128–160/proof128/summary159/next161, Shape and Space7 map223–248/proof222/summary247/next248, and Shape and Space9 map359–385/proof358/summary384/next385 remain explicit. The actual proof places Similar shapes at147 under Shape and Space6 while the literal F4.11A map tag remains under Shape and Space7; this topic-location conflict is unresolved. Relevant chapter and Hub bodies are unavailable; no full-book, specialist, formal-assessment or mastery approval follows. Section5.1 adds nine original additional Higher Vectors lessons for exactly H5.1A–G and no shared Foundation rows. All required source-bound notation, scalar, arithmetic, magnitude, route, position/division, parallel/collinear, simple-proof and intersection strands need substantive original teaching, an explained worked example and exactly one complete Guided/Independent/Transfer task in the same record. Preserve directed endpoints, signed/scalar and zero-vector exceptions, exact fractions and radicals, final-only rounding, current own head-to-tail joins, one-origin positions, t=0/t=1 endpoints and external points without clamping. Geometric conclusions require actual nonzero, nonparallel, noncollinear or simple-boundary hypotheses; formal two-to-four-symbol planar identities do not assert an independent spatial basis. H5.1G requires genuine explained geometric proof, not numerical resemblance or unchecked text. The H4.6C local theorem-proof note is not a blanket vector-proof waiver. Literal Book2 Shape and Space10 H5.1A–G map427–450/proof426/summary449/next450 remains unresolved; Hub167 covers A/B/C/D/F,168 A/E and169 G. Navigation does not establish modular equivalence. No Book1 tag or unseen Vectors chapter/Hub body is invented: the public uncorrected2025proof exposes contents and Number8 body, not Vectors. November2026/June2027 linear entry and regional-centre limits remain separate. Full-book, specialist, mastery and formal-assessment approval remain pending. Section5.2 adds twelve original shared Transformation geometry lessons across exactly F5.2A–M and no additional Higher row. Full source-bound bundles require substantive teaching, explained worked and exactly one complete Guided/Independent/Transfer task in each record. Retain every labelled corner and corresponding trace, signed/general rotations, complete equivalent mirror lines, common translation columns, rigid distances/angles, positive and fractional factors, supplied/free centres and factor1 identity exceptions. General-degree written3dp is separate from unrounded geometry. Ordered compositions are chosen breadth rather than an extra source row; compare both orders, including commuting perpendicular reflections, and distinguish reverse order from the inverse. Source/book/year and proof/physical-construction limits remain explicit. Graphical representation6.1 adds ten original lessons: six shared Foundation tabulation/two-way/pictogram/bar/pie/interpretation slices and four additional Higher histogram construction/reading and cumulative construction/use slices. Each complete source-bound record and every practice stage are required; tables or diagram names alone do not establish actual construction. Keep scales/units/keys, zero categories, unequal continuous widths and density/area, hidden missing calibration and pie labels, uniform partial-class estimates, cumulative boundaries and nonunique flat inverses. No Statistical measures6.2 or Probability6.3 credit follows. Literal book/Hub metadata is navigation only: Book2 Handling Data4 F6.1Aii is a modular subpart; Book1 Handling Data3 map398 starts differently from proof397 and Book2 Handling Data6 map208 from proof207. Relevant chapter/Hub bodies remain unavailable. Statistical measures6.2 adds eight original lessons: four shared Foundation list/frequency averages, simple mean problems and grouped midpoint estimates/modal classes; four additional Higher spread, discrete quartiles, median and IQR from cumulative diagrams. Every source-bound record needs substantive teaching, its explained worked example and all three unique practice stages. Preserve repeated positions, weighted counts, observed zero-frequency extremes, compatible units, grouped estimation limits, the explicitly chosen median-of-halves convention, actual graph guides, each curve’s own total and nonunique plateau intervals. Literal Book2 Handling Data4/5/6 tags and Hubs are navigation metadata only; no Book1 tag, complete chapter body or Hub access is inferred. Handling Data6 map208–222 versus proof207/summary221/next222 stays explicit. Statistical measures alone does not replace Probability6.3 teaching. Probability6.3 adds nine original lessons for ten shared F6.3A–J and four additional H6.3A–D rows. The first five are shared language/scales/models, complete single/two-event sample spaces, Venn probabilities, experimental estimates/expected frequencies and complement/mutually-exclusive addition; the final four are Higher independent trees, actual without-replacement trees, simple conditioning and contextual inverse/mixed models. Each required source-bound strand needs substantive teaching, an explained worked example and exactly one complete Guided/Independent/Transfer task in the same actual record. F6.3C requires both model and sample-space slices; H6.3A requires independent, dependent and application trees; H6.3B requires independent and application slices; H6.3C requires without-replacement, simple-conditioning and application slices; H6.3D requires conditioning and application slices. Retain physical identities, nonuniform weights, original ordered histories, complete branches/terminal events, unchanged versus changing contents, restricted positive conditional denominators and undefined empty conditioning. Experimental variability and fractional expected counts are model predictions rather than guaranteed observations. Inverse physical counts keep original nonnegative integer/positive-total domains. Chosen three-set, three-stage and inverse safeguards do not add source rows or a named general conditional theorem. Literal Book1 HandlingData1/2/3 tags and Hubs are navigation only; no Book2 tag or unseen probability chapter/Hub body is invented. Preserve map228–242/proof229–243/next244, map303/proof304–328/next329 and map398–428/proof397/summary426/next428; missing explicit Hub A/B/F/J tags remain absent. The common two-coin elementary model is not claimed as novel. All39 source sections and242 requirements now have structural teaching/practice links; that is not exhaustive subskill, teacher, full-book, mastery, specialist or formal-assessment approval. The independent source inventory contains 162 Foundation requirements and 80 additional Higher requirements; some lettered requirements contain multiple skills. A lesson link alone does not verify every skill or examination readiness. Written practice is self-checked, not automatically marked. Specialist approval and cumulative assessment have not been established. This course follows the linked Issue 2 linear 4MA1 specification. The 2026/2027 entry manual lists F/H in November 2026 and June 2027; regional FR/HR entries are June 2027 only and depend on centre eligibility. Modular 4XMAF and 4XMAH coverage is separate.