Analyse property, belonging and permanent deprivation
Use the statutory meanings of property and belonging, then assess intent to deprive rather than whether an item was eventually returned.
Section Paper 2 · Criminal law
Exam scope and assessment notes
AS and full A Level · section 2.2.1. Original educational scenarios about the law of England and Wales, checked on 14 October 2026. Model answers are formative reasoning, not advice about a real dispute, Cambridge marks or predicted grades. Read the exact statute, case and exam-year source where a rule is disputed or changes. A larger annotated authority bank, full unseen papers and specialist law-teacher review remain outstanding.
Before you begin
- Read a short source carefully and separate its rule from the facts
- Explain which element a fact supports and what is still uncertain
Work on paper. Try each question before revealing help, and explain why your method works.
Quick readiness check
What should a legal problem answer connect?
What you will learn
- Apply Theft Act sections 4–6
- Explain Crown Court statutory maximum without treating it as the sentence for every theft
Ownership is not the only protected interest
Property includes money and qualifying tangible or intangible property, with specific limits for land, wild plants and animals. Electricity is not treated as property for theft in the same way; a separate statutory offence must not be confused with section 1. Identify the legal category rather than treating every valuable thing identically.
Belonging to another includes another's possession, control or proprietary interest, and relevant statutory obligations. A person can steal an item they own from someone whose possession/control counts, illustrated by Turner. The issue is not simply who has the better ownership title.
Analyse the intention at the relevant time
Section 6 can treat dealing with an item regardless of the owner's rights as equivalent to permanent deprivation. Some borrowing can amount to an outright taking or disposal, but ordinary temporary use is not automatically the same. Returning something later does not conclusively show the required intention was absent earlier.
The ordinary Crown Court maximum for theft under section 7 is seven years; actual sentence depends on legal powers, guidelines and circumstances, with particular allocation rules for some cases. A statutory maximum is a ceiling, not an automatic outcome or an exam-answer grading rubric.
Sources for this lesson
Pause and explain
Can property belong to another through possession or control even when D owns it?
Worked example
D owns a bicycle but removes it from a repairer's lawful possession without paying, with dishonest permanent-deprivation intent as stipulated. Does ownership alone rule out theft?
Show the worked solution
- The repairer has possession/control.
- Belonging to another is wider than ownership.
- The other stipulated elements still need their own application.
Answer Ownership alone does not rule out theft because another's possession or control can satisfy belonging. The question still requires all five elements; a disputed bill or ownership label alone is not an automatic conviction.
Try a topic test
Choose Easy, Normal or Difficult. Save your answers and open worked review after finishing.
Test this topic →From guided practice to a new situation
Write your answer and reasoning first. Use a hint only if you are stuck. The model solution is for self-checking; your written work is not automatically marked.
Guided: Explain the possession/control point in the bicycle example.
Give me a hint
Use the repairer's legally relevant interest.
Compare my reasoning
- The bicycle is in the repairer's possession.
- Section 5 protects relevant possession/control.
- D's ownership does not answer every element.
The repairer's possession/control can make the bicycle belong to another for theft purposes despite D's ownership. Dishonesty, appropriation and the required intention remain separate issues.
Look for these in your work
- Identifies the interest
- Uses the statutory meaning
- Keeps elements separate
Independent: D borrows a pass for nearly all its useful period and returns it after that period. Explain the permanent-deprivation issue.
Give me a hint
Consider whether the borrowing amounts to outright taking of its benefit.
Compare my reasoning
- Return is stated.
- The pass's useful value may have been exhausted.
- Apply section 6 to intention and the borrowing's circumstances.
Return alone does not settle the issue. If the borrowing effectively takes the pass's whole useful benefit, section 6's treatment of borrowing may be relevant. The tribunal must assess the statutory test and intention rather than assume any borrowing is harmless.
Look for these in your work
- Recognises the limited value of return
- Uses the useful-period facts
- Applies the statutory limit cautiously
Application: A headline says every theft must receive seven years because that is the statutory maximum. Correct it.
Give me a hint
A ceiling differs from a determined sentence.
Compare my reasoning
- Identify the Crown Court maximum.
- Actual sentence depends on the applicable powers and guidelines.
- Harm, culpability and mitigation affect the analysis.
Seven years is the ordinary Crown Court statutory ceiling, not a mandatory term for every theft. Actual sentencing requires the relevant court powers, guideline and case factors; the maximum cannot replace that assessment.
Look for these in your work
- Identifies the ceiling
- Separates actual sentencing
- Uses relevant factors
Common mistakes
- Treating ownership as the only form of belonging
- Assuming later return erases earlier intention
- Treating the seven-year maximum as a required sentence
What can you explain now?
Can property belong to another through possession or control even when D owns it?
Compare with the explanation
Yes
The statutory meaning of belonging extends beyond title.
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Make it stick
Can property belong to another through possession or control even when D owns it?
If you needed the solution, close it and solve the problem again from a blank page. A correct answer is stronger when you can explain the reason for each step.