A Level · Cambridge (CIE) · 9709

Repeat integration by parts and combine it with inverse tangent

Reduce a polynomial product step by step, and simplify the rational remainder created by an inverse-tangent factor.

Section 3.5 · Integration

Pure Mathematics 3 · Integration · 3.5

Exam scope and assessment notes

Pure Mathematics 3 (Paper 3, A Level) · Mathematics 9709, 2026–2027, section 3.5. Paper 1 integration, shared standard integrals and identities, Paper 3 partial fractions and derivatives are assumed. Rational decompositions follow the three denominator forms in section 3.1; higher-degree numerators are excluded, while equal-degree cases may need division first. Substitution questions use a given substitution. Trigonometric and inverse-tangent outputs use radians. Written practice is self-checked; human subject-teacher review remains pending.

Before you begin

Use the parts identity with a useful choice of factors.
Differentiate inverse tangent and integrate positive quadratic reciprocals.

Work on paper. Try each question before revealing help, and explain why your method works.

Quick readiness check

What is the derivative of arctan x in radians?

What you will learn

Apply parts more than once when a polynomial factor remains.
Integrate x arctan x by parts, then split the remaining rational function into standard terms.

Each application must retain its own subtraction sign

For ∫x²e^(−x) dx, choose u = x² and v′ = e^(−x), so u′ = 2x and v = −e^(−x). The identity gives −x²e^(−x) + 2∫x e^(−x) dx. The remaining product still needs parts: ∫x e^(−x) dx = −x e^(−x) − e^(−x) + C. Combining gives −e^(−x)(x² + 2x + 2) + C. Differentiate the factored expression to check the signs and cancellation.

For ∫x²cos x dx, the first application gives x²sin x − 2∫x sin x dx. A second application gives ∫x sin x dx = −x cos x + sin x, so the complete primitive is x²sin x + 2x cos x − 2sin x + C. Stop when the remaining polynomial has become constant and the standard integral is manageable. One final arbitrary constant suffices on a connected interval.

The remaining integral may need a different method

For ∫x arctan x dx, choose u = arctan x and v′ = x. Then u′ = 1/(1 + x²) and v = x²/2, giving (x²/2)arctan x − (1/2)∫x²/(1 + x²) dx. Rewrite the remaining fraction as 1 − 1/(1 + x²). Its primitive is x − arctan x, so the original primitive is [(x² + 1)/2]arctan x − x/2 + C. Parts has converted the product into a rational integrand; the inverse-tangent rule finishes it.

Over [0, 1], ∫x arctan x dx = π/4 − 1/2, a positive number consistent with the positive integrand. For a supplied inflow t²e^(−t) litres per minute over [0, 1], the first primitive above gives volume 2 − 5/e litres. Retain this small positive result instead of rounding intermediate values: subtracting nearby endpoint values can amplify rounding error. An initial stock belongs in a separate final-total calculation.

Pause and explain

After parts in ∫x arctan x dx, how should x²/(1 + x²) be handled?

Put the idea to work

Worked example

Find ∫x²e^(−x) dx and check the complete primitive.

Show the worked solution

Parts with u = x² gives −x²e^(−x) + 2∫x e^(−x) dx.
Repeat parts to obtain ∫x e^(−x) dx = −x e^(−x) − e^(−x).
Combine into −e^(−x)(x² + 2x + 2) + C; its derivative is e^(−x)[x² + 2x + 2 − (2x + 2)] = x²e^(−x).

Answer −e^(−x)(x² + 2x + 2) + C.

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From guided practice to a new situation

Write your answer and reasoning first. Use a hint only if you are stuck. The model solution is for self-checking; your written work is not automatically marked.

1 · Guided

Find ∫x²cos x dx by repeating parts and check the cancellation.

Give me a hint

Differentiate the polynomial factor on each application.

Compare my reasoning

First obtain x²sin x − 2∫x sin x dx.
The remaining primitive is −x cos x + sin x.
Combine to get x²sin x + 2x cos x − 2sin x + C; differentiation leaves x²cos x after the other terms cancel.

x²sin x + 2x cos x − 2sin x + C.

Look for these in your work

Retain the outside −2 during the second application.
Differentiate every product in the final check.

2 · Independent

Find a primitive of x arctan x and evaluate its integral from 0 to 1 exactly.

Give me a hint

Differentiate arctan x in parts, then divide the rational remainder.

Compare my reasoning

Parts gives (x²/2)arctan x − (1/2)∫x²/(1 + x²) dx.
Using x²/(1 + x²) = 1 − 1/(1 + x²) gives F(x) = [(x² + 1)/2]arctan x − x/2.
F(1) − F(0) = π/4 − 1/2, positive as expected.

Primitive [(x² + 1)/2]arctan x − x/2 + C; definite integral π/4 − 1/2.

Look for these in your work

Combine parts with the standard inverse-tangent primitive.
Use exact radian endpoints and check the result's sign.

3 · Transfer

A vessel starts with 10 litres and has supplied inflow q(t) = t²e^(−t) litres per minute on 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, with no outflow. Find the exact added volume and final total.

Give me a hint

Use the repeated-parts primitive and keep both endpoint values exact.

Compare my reasoning

A primitive is F(t) = −e^(−t)(t² + 2t + 2).
The added volume is F(1) − F(0) = −5/e − (−2) = 2 − 5/e litres, approximately 0.161 litres.
The final total is 10 + 2 − 5/e = 12 − 5/e litres.

Added volume 2 − 5/e litres; final total 12 − 5/e litres.

Look for these in your work

Preserve all signs across repeated parts and endpoint subtraction.
Retain exact values until final rounding and separate increase from total.

Common mistakes

Do not stop after the first application if the remaining product still needs parts.
Keep outside multipliers and nested subtraction signs when combining results.
Simplify a rational remainder rather than forcing every step to use the same method.

Recall without your notes

What can you explain now?

Rewrite x²/(1 + x²) as a constant plus a simple reciprocal.

Compare with the explanation

1 − 1/(1 + x²).

Putting the two terms over their common denominator recovers x²; this makes the remainder integrable.

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Make it stick

Repeat parts until a product becomes manageable. Explain how the x arctan x example changes method for its rational remainder and verify the final derivative.

If you needed the solution, close it and solve the problem again from a blank page. A correct answer is stronger when you can explain the reason for each step.

Keep learning Mathematics

Check the official syllabus 2026–2027

Course scope and assessment

312 sequenced lessons provide 936 guided, independent and application problems covering the 160 objectives in sections 1.1–1.8, 2.1–2.6, 3.1–3.9, 4.1–4.5, 5.1–5.5 and 6.1–6.5. The map lists all 38 sections across six alternative components; all eight Pure Mathematics 1 sections and all six Pure Mathematics 2 sections, from Paper 2 Algebra through Numerical solution of equations, currently have full teaching sequences. Paper 3 Algebra, section 3.1, links the six shared foundation lessons plus six lessons on partial fractions and rational binomial expansions; Paper 3 logarithms, trigonometry and numerical equations use the shared lessons, with the Paper 1 graph foundation linked into trigonometry. Paper 3 differentiation combines the shared methods with its inverse-tangent derivative lesson. Paper 3 Integration links four shared standard and identity lessons plus seven advanced lessons, covering all six section 3.5 requirements. Eight Vectors lessons cover all six section 3.7 requirements, with 2D and 3D line and solid applications. Nine Differential equations lessons cover all four section 3.8 requirements, including Paper 3 integration techniques, initial conditions, equilibrium solutions and conditional model interpretations. Eleven Complex numbers lessons cover all eight section 3.9 requirements, with seven Argand diagrams and explicit argument and boundary checks. All nine Pure Mathematics 3 sections now have teaching linked to every mapped requirement. Nine Forces and equilibrium lessons cover all seven section 4.1 requirements, with six force diagrams, signed incline-friction intervals, reaction-dependent pull and push limits and separate-body third-law checks. Nine Kinematics lessons cover the four official section 4.2 requirements, with the graph requirement mapped to three relationships. Six motion diagrams support directed quantities, graph slopes and signed areas, Paper 1 time-calculus methods, reversal distances, constant-acceleration stages and shared-clock particle meetings. Six Momentum lessons cover both section 4.3 requirements, including signed system totals, conservation assumptions, outgoing velocities, coalescence, unknown masses and successive impacts. Four diagrams show system momentum through the stipulated events, and supplied kinetic-energy checks distinguish conservation of momentum from changes in kinetic energy. Twelve Newton’s laws lessons cover all four section 4.4 requirements, with vertical support and release stages, rough horizontal and incline motion, inferred parameters, hanging and surface pulley systems, rigid tow-bar thrust and slack-string transitions. Seven force diagrams support the separate-particle balances. Nine Energy, work and power lessons cover all five section 4.5 requirements, with angle-dependent work, kinetic and reference potential energy, signed net-work balances, smooth curved slides, rough and driven slopes, ideal connected-system energy and instantaneous power on hills. Five diagrams distinguish the energy inputs, losses and valid positive-speed force model. All five Mechanics sections now have teaching and staged practice linked to their mapped requirements. Thirteen Representation of data lessons cover all five section 5.1 requirements, including choice and limitations of displays, ordered and back-to-back stems, raw summaries and box plots, unequal-width density histograms, cumulative-frequency interpolation, descriptive moment calculations, grouped estimates, coding, combining two datasets and correcting totals. Six accessible diagrams retain repeated observations and distinguish numerical spread, frequency area and estimated readings. Ten Permutations and combinations lessons cover both official section 5.2 requirements, with selection and ordered roles, repeated objects, adjacency blocks, non-adjacency gaps, leading-zero cases, labelled multi-row seating and mixed restrictions. Six accessible diagrams show outcome trees, ordered versus unordered choices, repeated copies, blocks, gaps and distinct row seats. Eleven Probability lessons cover all four section 5.3 requirements, with equiprobable elementary outcomes, selection-based probabilities, complements and disjoint regions, independence tests, restricted sample spaces, two-way tables, replacement and removal trees, reversed conditions and unknown parameters. Seven accessible diagrams show dice outcomes, random subsets, event regions, a conditioned grid, a count table and two probability trees. Twelve Discrete random variables lessons cover all three official section 5.4 requirements, with complete probability tables, moment and parameter checks, binomial assumptions, exact probabilities and moments, geometric first-success probabilities, tails, expectation and integer reliability thresholds. Six accessible diagrams distinguish outcome grouping, weighted moments, fixed trials, discrete probability bars, waiting conventions and integer tail deadlines. Twelve Normal distribution lessons cover all three official section 5.5 requirements, with continuous-area interpretation, MF19 cumulative tables, full standardisation, tail and interval regions, conditional probabilities, percentiles, one- and two-parameter inference, binomial suitability, continuity corrections and approximate integer thresholds. Seven accessible diagrams show model areas, table reading, aligned scales, intervals, quantiles, matched binomial and normal shapes and whole integer cells. All five Statistics 1 sections now have teaching and staged practice linked to their mapped requirements. Fourteen Poisson distribution lessons cover all five official section 6.1 requirements, with homogeneous event-count assumptions, exposure scaling, exact masses and tails, conditional count events, moments, parameter inference, probability duration targets, disjoint and overlapping windows, rare-count binomial approximations, matched normal approximations and continuity corrections. Nine accessible diagrams show event exposures, unit conversions, discrete bars, complete tail complements, population moments, shared windows, approximate count models and integer cells. Exact checks distinguish approximate and exact close-target decisions. Fourteen Linear combinations lessons cover the six listed results in official section 6.2, with affine moments, signed scales and constant cases, expectation without independence, independent squared variance contributions, fixed and random fees, independent copies versus reused values, affine normal events, independent normal sums and differences, weighted and conditional areas, coefficient inference, exact independent Poisson sums and overlapping exposure limits. Nine accessible diagrams distinguish scale changes, variance contributions, component costs, copy mechanisms, aligned normal scales, summed areas, Poisson count pairs and unsupported distribution claims. Fourteen Continuous random variables lessons cover both official section 6.3 requirements, with density validity and units, support-aware intervals, complements and conditional regions, first and second moments, percentiles by direct density areas, symmetry checks, parameter inference, infinite-support power and exponential integrals, divergent-moment limits and combined applications. Nine accessible diagrams distinguish density height from probability, normalisation, negative-density failures, central and conditional areas, mean versus median, percentile locations and partial infinite tails. Explicit cumulative distribution function knowledge is not required. Eighteen Sampling and estimation lessons cover all eight official section 6.4 requirements, with population and frame definitions, random-number selection, sampling-quality limits, independent sample-mean moments, normal means, CLT conditions, SE scaling, raw, summarised and coded unbiased estimates, known-variance and large-sample mean intervals, repeated-sampling interpretation, precision planning, proportion intervals, sparse-outcome limits and contextual applications. Ten accessible diagrams distinguish selection frames, number rejection, repeated sample means, population versus mean density, CLT models, variance divisors, interval targets, illustrative coverage, integer size checks and proportion margins. Eighteen Hypothesis tests lessons cover all five official section 6.5 requirements, with pre-specified alternatives, inclusive count tails, explicit equal-tail conventions, integer critical regions and actual significance, exposure-aware Poisson tests, continuity-corrected count approximations, normal and large-sample mean tests, confidence-interval connections, error classifications, fixed-region binomial, Poisson and normal error probabilities and sample-size power comparisons. Nine accessible diagrams show the testing procedure, exact count regions, unequal Poisson tails, discrete significance jumps, corrected count boundaries, matching mean intervals and alternative error distributions. All shared lessons are counted once in the course total. All 38 sections now link teaching and practice. Eight earlier overview lessons remain available, but do not count as full section coverage. This is a content-availability measure, not full programme completion or exam readiness. Written practice is self-checked, not officially marked. Check the 2028–2030 syllabus separately if sitting an examination from 2028; this teaching map uses 2026–2027 requirements.