Active verbs: principal parts and the sentence
Learn this complete reference set, recall meanings and construction clues, then apply the grammar in original short practice.
Exam scope and assessment notes
Original teaching foundations for the 2026–2028 syllabus. Six prescribed texts have passage-specific sequences; all 693 printed vocabulary rows have been reconciled into 692 distinct records, with additional number, comparison and compound-verb practice. Linked teaching and lexical self-checks do not certify mastery. Complete line-by-line annotation, further translation and scansion practice, qualified Latin-teacher review, full timed papers and human marking remain outstanding. Open the assigned edition alongside these lessons: public ancient texts can differ in spelling, punctuation or editorial readings from the prescribed prose anthology. Practice explanations are formative, not Cambridge questions, marks or predicted grades. Cambridge has announced withdrawal; the last assessment is June 2028, in administrative zones 3, 4, 5 and 6 only. Confirm entry with your centre.
Before you begin
- Identify noun, verb and clause roles
- Recall the whole dictionary record rather than only its first spelling
Work on paper. Try each question before revealing help, and explain why your method works.
Quick readiness check
What does a dictionary meaning fail to establish on its own?
What you will learn
- Recognise different stems belonging to one verb
- Parse the finite form before choosing a sentence translation
Read the form, recall the meaning, then check the construction
Use the reference list to learn, then hide the meanings in recall practice. The usage note explains a grammatical clue or limit. Self-check labels do not award a grade or certify mastery.
166 of 166 entries shown · 0 marked for another review in this practice
accipio, -ere, accepi, acceptumActive verb
receive, accept
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adiuvo (1)Active verb
help
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advenio (4)Active verb
reach, arrive
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aedifico (1)Active verb
build
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ago, -ere, egi, actumActive verb
do, drive, spend (time)
Read the whole expression: doing, driving and spending time are different uses; gratias ago is a set expression.
ambulo (1)Active verb
walk
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amitto, -ere, amisi, amissumActive verb
lose
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amo (1)Active verb
love
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appareo (2)Active verb
appear
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appropinquo (1) + dat.Active verb
approach
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arcesso, -ere, -ivi, -itumActive verb
summon, call
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ascendo, -ere, ascendi, ascensumActive verb
climb, go up
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audio (4)Active verb
hear
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bibo, -ere, bibi, –Active verb
drink
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cado, -ere, cecidi, casumActive verb
fall
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caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesumActive verb
cut, kill
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capio, -ere, cepi, captumActive verb
take, capture
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cedo, -ere, cessi, cessumActive verb
go, give way, yield
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celo (1)Active verb
hide, conceal
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ceno (1)Active verb
dine
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clamo (1)Active verb
shout
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cogito (1)Active verb
think
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cognosco, -ere, cognovi, cognitumActive verb
get to know, find out
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cogo, -ere, coegi, coactumActive verb
compel
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colligo, -ere, collegi, collectumActive verb
collect
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comparo (1)Active verb
prepare, gain, obtain
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conficio, -ere, confeci, confectumActive verb
finish, wear out
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conspicio, -ere, conspexi, conspectumActive verb
catch sight of, see
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constituo, -ere, constitui, constitutumActive verb
decide
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consumo, -ere, consumpsi, consumptumActive verb
eat, use up
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contendo, -ere, contendi, contentumActive verb
hurry, stretch, fight
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convenio, -ire, conveni, conventumActive verb
meet, gather, come together
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credo, -ere, credidi, creditum + dat.Active verb
believe, trust
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culpo (1)Active verb
find fault with, blame
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cupio, -ere, cupivi, cupitumActive verb
desire
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curro, -ere, cucurri, cursumActive verb
run
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custodio (4)Active verb
guard
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debeo (2)Active verb
owe, ought, must
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decipio, -ere, decepi, deceptumActive verb
deceive
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dedo, -ere, dedidi, deditumActive verb
surrender
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defendo, -ere, defendi, defensumActive verb
defend
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deleo, -ere, delevi, deletumActive verb
destroy
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delibero (1)Active verb
deliberate, consider seriously
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descendo, -ere, descendi, descensumActive verb
descend
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despero (1)Active verb
give up hope, despair
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dico, -ere, dixi, dictumActive verb
say, tell
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discedo, -ere, discessi, discessumActive verb
depart, go away
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disco, -ere, didici, –Active verb
learn
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doceo, -ere, docui, doctumActive verb
teach
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dormio (4)Active verb
sleep
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dubito (1)Active verb
doubt, hesitate
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duco, -ere, duxi, ductumActive verb
lead
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efficio, -icere, effeci, effectumActive verb
bring about, accomplish
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effugio, -ere, effugi, –Active verb
escape, flee
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emo, -ere, emi, emptumActive verb
buy
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excito (1)Active verb
rouse, stir up
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exspecto (1)Active verb
expect, wait for
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facio, -ere, feci, factumActive verb
make, do
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fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsumActive verb
deceive, trick
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frango, -ere, fregi, fractumActive verb
break
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fugio, -ere, fugi, –Active verb
flee, run away
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gero, -ere, gessi, gestumActive verb
do, wear, carry
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habeo (2)Active verb
have
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habito (1)Active verb
live, reside
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iaceo (2)Active verb
lie
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iacio, -ere, ieci, iactumActive verb
throw
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impero (1) + dat.Active verb
order
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incendo, -ere, incendi, incensumActive verb
set fire to
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incipio, -ere, incepi, inceptumActive verb
begin
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intellego, -ere, intellexi, intellectumActive verb
understand, realise
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interficio, -ere, interfeci, interfectumActive verb
kill
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intro (1)Active verb
enter
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invideo, -ere, invidi, invisum + dat.Active verb
envy, hate
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invenio, invenire, inveni, inventumActive verb
come across, find
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invito (1)Active verb
invite
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iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussumActive verb
order
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iudico (1)Active verb
judge
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iungo, -ere, iunxi, iunctumActive verb
join
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laboro (1)Active verb
work
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lacrimo (1)Active verb
weep, cry
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laudo (1)Active verb
praise
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lego, -ere, legi, lectumActive verb
read
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libero (1)Active verb
free
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ludo, -ere, lusi, lusumActive verb
play
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maneo, -ere, mansi, mansumActive verb
remain, stay
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mitto, -ere, misi, missumActive verb
send
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moneo (2)Active verb
advise, warn
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moveo, -ere, movi, motumActive verb
move
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munio (4)Active verb
fortify, protect
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narro (1)Active verb
tell, relate
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navigo (1)Active verb
sail
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neglego, -egere, neglexi, neglectumActive verb
neglect
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nego (1)Active verb
deny, say that ... not
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nescio, -ire, nescivi, nescitumActive verb
not know
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nuntio (1)Active verb
announce
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occido, -ere, occidi, occisumActive verb
kill, strike down
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occupo (1)Active verb
seize, occupy, attack
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occurro, -ere, occurri, occursum + dat.Active verb
meet, run up to
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opprimo, -ere, oppressi, oppressumActive verb
overwhelm, crush
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oppugno (1)Active verb
attack
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orno (1)Active verb
adorn, decorate, make attractive
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oro (1)Active verb
beg, pray
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ostendo, -ere, ostendi, ostentumActive verb
show, display
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parco, -ere, peperci, parsum + dat.Active verb
spare
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pareo (2) + dat.Active verb
obey
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paro (1)Active verb
prepare
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permitto, -ere, permisi, permissum + dat.Active verb
allow, entrust
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persuadeo, -ere, persuasi, persuasum + dat.Active verb
persuade
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pervenio, pervenire, perveni, perventumActive verb
arrive
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peto, -ere, petivi, petitumActive verb
seek, make for, attack
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pono, -ere, posui, positumActive verb
place, put
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porto (1)Active verb
carry
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posco, -ere, poposci, –Active verb
demand, ask
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praebeo (2)Active verb
offer, supply, show
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procedo, -ere, processi, processumActive verb
proceed, go forwards
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prodo, -ere, prodidi, proditumActive verb
betray
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prohibeo (2)Active verb
prevent, forbid
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promitto, -ere, promisi, promissumActive verb
promise
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pugno (1)Active verb
fight
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punio (4)Active verb
punish
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puto (1)Active verb
think
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quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesitumActive verb
search, look for, inquire
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rapio, -ere, rapui, raptumActive verb
seize, snatch
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reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditumActive verb
return, give back
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rego, -ere, rexi, rectumActive verb
rule
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relinquo, -ere, reliqui, relictumActive verb
leave behind
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resisto, -ere, restitiActive verb
resist, oppose
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respondeo, -ere, respondi, responsumActive verb
reply
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rideo, -ere, risi, risumActive verb
laugh, smile
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rogo (1)Active verb
ask
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saluto (1)Active verb
greet
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scio, -ire, scivi, scitumActive verb
know
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scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptumActive verb
write
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sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessumActive verb
sit
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sentio, sentire, sensi, sensumActive verb
feel, notice
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servo (1)Active verb
save, keep
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simulo (1)Active verb
pretend
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sino, -ere, sivi, situmActive verb
allow
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specto (1)Active verb
look at, watch
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spero (1)Active verb
hope, expect
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sto, stare, steti, statumActive verb
stand
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sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptumActive verb
take, put on
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supero (1)Active verb
overpower
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surgo, -ere, surrexi, surrectumActive verb
rise; get up
Normally rise or get up in these learning contexts; distinguish tollo, which lifts or raises something. Use a full dictionary for specialised uses.
suscipio, -ere, suscepi, susceptumActive verb
take up, undertake
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sustineo, -ere, sustinui, sustentumActive verb
support, withstand
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taceo (2)Active verb
be silent
Learn the supplied principal parts or conjugation cue with the meaning. Parse person, tense, mood and voice in the sentence before turning a dictionary label into a translation.
tango, -ere, tetigi, tactumActive verb
touch
Learn the supplied principal parts or conjugation cue with the meaning. Parse person, tense, mood and voice in the sentence before turning a dictionary label into a translation.
tego, -ere, texi, tectumActive verb
cover
Learn the supplied principal parts or conjugation cue with the meaning. Parse person, tense, mood and voice in the sentence before turning a dictionary label into a translation.
teneo, -ere, tenui, tentumActive verb
hold
Learn the supplied principal parts or conjugation cue with the meaning. Parse person, tense, mood and voice in the sentence before turning a dictionary label into a translation.
terreo (2)Active verb
frighten, terrify
Learn the supplied principal parts or conjugation cue with the meaning. Parse person, tense, mood and voice in the sentence before turning a dictionary label into a translation.
timeo (2)Active verb
fear, be afraid
Learn the supplied principal parts or conjugation cue with the meaning. Parse person, tense, mood and voice in the sentence before turning a dictionary label into a translation.
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatumActive verb
lift, raise
Learn the supplied principal parts or conjugation cue with the meaning. Parse person, tense, mood and voice in the sentence before turning a dictionary label into a translation.
trado, -ere, tradidi, traditumActive verb
hand over
Learn the supplied principal parts or conjugation cue with the meaning. Parse person, tense, mood and voice in the sentence before turning a dictionary label into a translation.
traho, -ere, traxi, tractumActive verb
pull, drag
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veho, -ere, vexi, vectumActive verb
carry, convey
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vendo, -ere, vendidi, venditumActive verb
sell
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venio, venire, veni, ventumActive verb
come
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verto, -ere, verti, versumActive verb
turn (transitive)
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veto, -are, vetui, vetitumActive verb
forbid, order ... not to
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video, -ere, vidi, visumActive verb
see
Learn the supplied principal parts or conjugation cue with the meaning. Parse person, tense, mood and voice in the sentence before turning a dictionary label into a translation.
vinco, -ere, vici, victumActive verb
conquer, defeat, win
Distinguish conquering from vivo, living. Use the full principal parts rather than one similar-looking form.
vitupero (1)Active verb
curse, blame
Learn the supplied principal parts or conjugation cue with the meaning. Parse person, tense, mood and voice in the sentence before turning a dictionary label into a translation.
vivo, -ere, vixi, victumActive verb
live
Distinguish living from vinco, conquering. Principal parts and the sentence identify the verb even where forms look similar.
voco (1)Active verb
call
Learn the supplied principal parts or conjugation cue with the meaning. Parse person, tense, mood and voice in the sentence before turning a dictionary label into a translation.
vulnero (1)Active verb
wound
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Connect meaning and systems
The active-verb set keeps the supplied principal parts and conjugation cues. A present stem, perfect stem and supine or participial stem can differ greatly: mitto, misi and missum belong together. The cues (1)–(4) identify conjugation families, not a tense or grade. Dictionary first-person labels are learning conventions, not instructions to translate every finite form as I.
Read person, number, tense, mood and voice before assigning an actor. A missing listed principal part is not an invitation to invent one. Context distinguishes ordinary senses such as carrying, conducting or wearing, especially in verbs with more than one dictionary gloss.
Recognise similar perfects and governed cases
Cado and caedo can both present cecidi without written vowel-length marking, but their other principal parts and construction distinguish falling from cutting or killing. Iaceo lies, whereas iacio throws. A plausible English story cannot settle an ambiguous form without grammatical evidence.
Some verbs highlight a dative recipient or complement: credo, impero, pareo and persuadeo should not be forced into accusative objects because English uses a direct object. Learn the governed construction with the word, then check it in the clause.
Sources for this lesson
Pause and explain
Does a first-person dictionary gloss determine every finite verb's person?
Worked example
Translate original ‘Puella epistulam misit’ using the record mitto, misi, missum.
Show the worked solution
- Identify misit as a perfect third-person singular.
- Puella supplies the subject.
- Epistulam is the accusative object.
Answer The girl sent a letter. Misit belongs to mitto's perfect system and does not mean I send simply because that is the dictionary's starting convention.
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Choose Easy, Normal or Difficult. Save your answers and open worked review after finishing.
Test this topic →From guided practice to a new situation
Write your answer and reasoning first. Use a hint only if you are stuck. The model solution is for self-checking; your written work is not automatically marked.
Guided: Translate ‘Milites dona mittunt’.
Give me a hint
Match the plural subject and present verb.
Compare my reasoning
- Milites is nominative plural.
- Mittunt is third-person plural present.
- Dona is the object.
The soldiers send gifts. The plural verb matches the subject; the supplied headword helps identify the verb but does not override the ending or the neuter plural object.
Look for these in your work
- Reads person
- Matches subject
- Uses object
Independent: Why is cecidi alone insufficient to decide fall versus cut?
Give me a hint
Read the rest of the record and sentence.
Compare my reasoning
- Two records can share that unmarked spelling.
- Their other parts differ.
- Transitivity and subject/object evidence matter.
The shared spelling needs the relevant principal-part record and sentence context. Falling and cutting have different grammatical and semantic roles, so one form alone does not justify either story.
Look for these in your work
- Recognises ambiguity
- Uses parts
- Uses syntax
Application: Correct ‘Credo amico’ translated as ‘I believe a friend must be accusative’.
Give me a hint
Credo's person believed can be dative.
Compare my reasoning
- The entry highlights dative.
- Amico fits that construction.
- English object grammar need not match Latin case.
Credo amico can mean I trust or believe the friend. Its dative construction is not invalid merely because English expresses a direct object; the governed case must be learned with the Latin verb.
Look for these in your work
- Uses construction
- Translates relation
- Avoids English-case substitution
Common mistakes
- Making every verb first person
- Inventing missing parts
- Choosing between look-alikes without syntax
What can you explain now?
Does a first-person dictionary gloss determine every finite verb's person?
Compare with the explanation
No
Person and number come from the actual form in the sentence.
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Make it stick
Does a first-person dictionary gloss determine every finite verb's person?
If you needed the solution, close it and solve the problem again from a blank page. A correct answer is stronger when you can explain the reason for each step.