Define accounting rate of return
Use average accounting profit and average investment to calculate ARR as a percentage.
Exam scope and assessment notes
Cambridge International AS & A Level Accounting 9706, 2026–2028 syllabus, Version 2. This topic covers future net cash flows, payback, ARR, NPV, IRR and supported investment decisions. Discounted payback and questions involving a residual value at the end of a project are excluded by Cambridge. Practice is self-checked, not an official Cambridge grade. Full timed Papers 1–4 and human subject-teacher review remain outstanding.
Before you begin
- Use AS Topics 1.5–1.6 for profit, depreciation and financial analysis, and Topic 2.1 for contribution. Keep accounting profit, project cash flow and the time value of money distinct.
Work on paper. Try each question before revealing help, and explain why your method works.
Quick readiness check
ARR uses which kind of return?
What you will learn
- State the syllabus ARR formula
- Distinguish profit from cash flow
- Use the stated average-investment basis
Apply the prescribed formula
ARR = (average profit ÷ average investment) × 100. Use accounting profit and average investment on a consistent project basis.
If average profit is not supplied, calculate it from total accounting profit over the stated operating years when the question's assumptions permit. Use the average-investment figure or basis supplied.
Do not substitute cash flow
ARR uses accounting profit, which may include depreciation and accruals. Payback, NPV and IRR use cash flows.
Cambridge excludes questions involving a residual value at the end of a project. Do not invent an end-of-project residual amount in calculations.
Pause and explain
Average profit is $12,000 and average investment is $60,000. What is ARR?
Worked example
Average annual accounting profit is $18,000 and average investment is $90,000. Calculate ARR.
Show the worked solution
- ARR = average profit ÷ average investment.
- 18,000 ÷ 90,000 = 0.20.
- Multiply by 100.
Answer ARR = 20%.
Try a topic test
Choose Easy, Normal or Difficult. Save your answers and open worked review after finishing.
Test this topic →From guided practice to a new situation
Write your answer and reasoning first. Use a hint only if you are stuck. The model solution is for self-checking; your written work is not automatically marked.
Average profit is $24,000 and average investment is $120,000. Calculate ARR.
Give me a hint
Divide, then convert the decimal to a percentage.
Compare my reasoning
- 24,000 ÷ 120,000 = 0.20.
- 0.20 × 100 = 20.
- Label the result as ARR.
ARR is 20%.
Look for these in your work
- Profit used
- Investment used
- Percentage labelled
Average profit is $16,500 and average investment is $110,000. Find ARR.
Give me a hint
Keep the formula in the stated order.
Compare my reasoning
- 16,500 ÷ 110,000 = 0.15.
- Multiply by 100.
- ARR = 15%.
ARR is 15%.
Look for these in your work
- Correct numerator
- Correct denominator
- Percentage correct
A colleague divides average investment by average profit and reports 6.7%. What correction is needed?
Give me a hint
Check which quantity is return and which is investment.
Compare my reasoning
- Average profit belongs in the numerator.
- Calculate average profit ÷ average investment.
- Multiply by 100 and compare with the colleague's reversed ratio.
Use (average profit ÷ average investment) × 100. Reversing the ratio does not calculate ARR.
Look for these in your work
- Formula order corrected
- Percentage applied
- Error explained
Common mistakes
- Using annual cash inflow instead of accounting profit
- Forgetting to multiply by 100
- Changing the given average-investment basis
What can you explain now?
Which is the Cambridge syllabus formula for ARR?
Compare with the explanation
(Average profit ÷ average investment) × 100
ARR expresses average accounting profit as a percentage of average investment.
After trying it yourself, choose your next review. This is your self-assessment.
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Make it stick
State the ARR formula and identify its numerator.
If you needed the solution, close it and solve the problem again from a blank page. A correct answer is stronger when you can explain the reason for each step.