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A Level · Cambridge (CIE) · 9706

Define accounting rate of return

Use average accounting profit and average investment to calculate ARR as a percentage.

Cambridge International AS & A Level Accounting 9706 · Topic 4.4 · 2026–2028 · 4.4
Exam scope and assessment notes

Cambridge International AS & A Level Accounting 9706, 2026–2028 syllabus, Version 2. This topic covers future net cash flows, payback, ARR, NPV, IRR and supported investment decisions. Discounted payback and questions involving a residual value at the end of a project are excluded by Cambridge. Practice is self-checked, not an official Cambridge grade. Full timed Papers 1–4 and human subject-teacher review remain outstanding.

Before you begin

  • Use AS Topics 1.5–1.6 for profit, depreciation and financial analysis, and Topic 2.1 for contribution. Keep accounting profit, project cash flow and the time value of money distinct.

Work on paper. Try each question before revealing help, and explain why your method works.

Quick readiness check

ARR uses which kind of return?

What you will learn

  • State the syllabus ARR formula
  • Distinguish profit from cash flow
  • Use the stated average-investment basis

Apply the prescribed formula

ARR = (average profit ÷ average investment) × 100. Use accounting profit and average investment on a consistent project basis.

If average profit is not supplied, calculate it from total accounting profit over the stated operating years when the question's assumptions permit. Use the average-investment figure or basis supplied.

Do not substitute cash flow

ARR uses accounting profit, which may include depreciation and accruals. Payback, NPV and IRR use cash flows.

Cambridge excludes questions involving a residual value at the end of a project. Do not invent an end-of-project residual amount in calculations.

Pause and explain

Average profit is $12,000 and average investment is $60,000. What is ARR?

Put the idea to work

Worked example

Average annual accounting profit is $18,000 and average investment is $90,000. Calculate ARR.

Show the worked solution
  1. ARR = average profit ÷ average investment.
  2. 18,000 ÷ 90,000 = 0.20.
  3. Multiply by 100.

Answer ARR = 20%.

Try a topic test

Choose Easy, Normal or Difficult. Save your answers and open worked review after finishing.

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From guided practice to a new situation

Write your answer and reasoning first. Use a hint only if you are stuck. The model solution is for self-checking; your written work is not automatically marked.

1 · Guided

Average profit is $24,000 and average investment is $120,000. Calculate ARR.

Give me a hint

Divide, then convert the decimal to a percentage.

Compare my reasoning
  1. 24,000 ÷ 120,000 = 0.20.
  2. 0.20 × 100 = 20.
  3. Label the result as ARR.

ARR is 20%.

Look for these in your work

  • Profit used
  • Investment used
  • Percentage labelled
2 · Independent

Average profit is $16,500 and average investment is $110,000. Find ARR.

Give me a hint

Keep the formula in the stated order.

Compare my reasoning
  1. 16,500 ÷ 110,000 = 0.15.
  2. Multiply by 100.
  3. ARR = 15%.

ARR is 15%.

Look for these in your work

  • Correct numerator
  • Correct denominator
  • Percentage correct
3 · Transfer

A colleague divides average investment by average profit and reports 6.7%. What correction is needed?

Give me a hint

Check which quantity is return and which is investment.

Compare my reasoning
  1. Average profit belongs in the numerator.
  2. Calculate average profit ÷ average investment.
  3. Multiply by 100 and compare with the colleague's reversed ratio.

Use (average profit ÷ average investment) × 100. Reversing the ratio does not calculate ARR.

Look for these in your work

  • Formula order corrected
  • Percentage applied
  • Error explained

Common mistakes

  • Using annual cash inflow instead of accounting profit
  • Forgetting to multiply by 100
  • Changing the given average-investment basis
Recall without your notes

What can you explain now?

Which is the Cambridge syllabus formula for ARR?

Compare with the explanation

(Average profit ÷ average investment) × 100

ARR expresses average accounting profit as a percentage of average investment.

After trying it yourself, choose your next review. This is your self-assessment.

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Make it stick

State the ARR formula and identify its numerator.

If you needed the solution, close it and solve the problem again from a blank page. A correct answer is stronger when you can explain the reason for each step.

Keep learning Accounting

Course scope and assessment

197 original lessons teach Topics 1.1–1.6 and 2.1–2.2, plus Topics 3.1–3.5 and 4.1–4.4, with explained, staged practice mapped to the listed syllabus objectives, including all four Topic 1.5 objectives. Topic 3.1 covers partnership changes, clubs and societies, manufacturing accounts and the limited-company statement set. Topic 3.2 covers all nine named IAS at Cambridge's stated main-provisions level, ethical principles, audit and stewardship. Topic 3.3 covers business mergers and acquisitions, goodwill, consideration, ledger entries, post-acquisition statements and evaluation. Topic 3.4 covers controlled accounting-data conversion and integrity checks. Topic 3.5 covers all nine appendix ratios, exact prescribed formulae, interrelationships, limitations and justified stakeholder recommendations. Topic 4.1 covers cost pools, cost drivers, ABC overhead allocation, unit costs, selling prices, comparisons, uses, limitations and business decisions. Topic 4.2 covers standard costing, all listed cost and sales variances, their causes and relationships, budget improvement and non-financial decision factors. Topic 4.3 covers linked master-budget schedules, all nine listed budgets, limiting factors, flexible-budget statements and reconciliations, target behaviour and supported decisions. Topic 4.4 covers future project cash flows, payback, ARR, NPV, IRR, method limits and balanced recommendations; Cambridge excludes discounted payback and residual-value questions. All 17 topics have full mapped sequences. The separately published 2029 syllabus is not covered. Practice is self-checked and does not award Cambridge grades. Full timed Papers 1–4 and human subject-teacher review remain outstanding.

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