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IGCSE · Cambridge (CIE) · 0408

The Doll’s House · borrowed voices and a rumour made cruel

Distinguish communal prejudice from established fact · Explain how children repeat adult judgement · Analyse the escalation from teasing to collective exhilaration

Cambridge IGCSE World Literature 0408 · 2025-P3-STORIES / 2025-P3-A / 2025-P3-B
Exam scope and assessment notes

0408 preparation for exam year(s) 2025. The assessment changes in 2028; follow the component and selected texts for your year. Original teaching for the historical 2025 Stories of Ourselves Volume 2 option only. Nine of the ten historical 2025 story members have original teaching and practice: The Doll’s House, The Gold Watch, A Visit and Promenade have four lessons each, A Walk to the Jetty and In the Mountains have seven each, Mrs. Sen’s has six, and The Plantation and The Paper Menagerie have five each. Together they provide forty-six lessons, one hundred and thirty-eight staged tasks and one hundred and one developed-response models. Complete primary readings support each sequence; check exact quotations and edition differences in the centre anthology. Words and full-selection workshops remain unfinished. The complete 2025 story option remains a content gap. This is not the different 2026–2028 Volume 2 or 2029–2030 Volume 3 selection. The complete older public-domain Mansfield reading is supplied, not the protected anthology. It is not certified identical to Cambridge’s edition in punctuation, paragraph layout or spelling. Use your centre’s complete anthology for exact wording. Bracketed reading blocks are StudyForA navigation aids, not original line numbers. These original tasks and models are not Cambridge questions and do not award Cambridge marks or grades or certify mastery. Alternative supported readings can be valid. Qualified teacher assessment and calibrated full papers remain unfinished. Do not submit a model as your own assessed coursework; the 2025 set-text option is not eligible 2025 coursework reading.

Before you begin

  • Historical 2025 preparation only: confirm your centre selected the complete ten-story option. Read every required member, not just these nine. Private candidates cannot enter 0408.
  • Read The Doll’s House in full before analysing a passage; compare exact wording with your centre’s anthology.

Work on paper. Try each question before revealing help, and explain why your method works.

Quick readiness check

What should support a claim about a literary text?

What you will learn

  • Distinguish communal prejudice from established fact
  • Explain how children repeat adult judgement
  • Analyse the escalation from teasing to collective exhilaration

The Doll’s House · attribution, clothing and a public performance

  • Read the complete story before using the extracts. The first lesson supplies an older complete primary text.
  • Write your own response before opening a model. Explain precise evidence in relation to the question.
  • Reading-block counters are navigation aids. Check exact wording in the centre anthology.

Original self-review tasks, not official questions, calibrated full timed papers or authenticated coursework. Models do not supply official marks or certify individual mastery. Words and full-selection teaching remain unfinished.

A boundary justified by repeated judgement

Read the school and family-description paragraphs before the playground insult.

The school boundary and the Kelvey family

[1] For the fact was, the school the Burnell children went to was not at all the kind of place their parents would have chosen if there had been any choice. But there was none. It was the only school for miles. And the consequence was all the children in the neighbourhood, the Judge’s little girls, the doctor’s daughters, the store-keeper’s children, the milkman’s, were forced to mix together. Not to speak of there being an equal number of rude, rough little boys as well. But the line had to be drawn somewhere. It was drawn at the Kelveys. Many of the children, including the Burnells, were not allowed even to speak to them. They walked past the Kelveys with their heads in the air, and as they set the fashion in all matters of behaviour, the Kelveys were shunned by everybody. Even the teacher had a special voice for them, and a special smile for the other children when Lil Kelvey came up to her desk with a bunch of dreadfully common-looking flowers.

[2] They were the daughters of a spry, hardworking little washerwoman, who went about from house to house by the day. This was awful enough. But where was Mr. Kelvey? Nobody knew for certain. But everybody said he was in prison. So they were the daughters of a washerwoman and a gaolbird. Very nice company for other people’s children! And they looked it. Why Mrs. Kelvey made them so conspicuous was hard to understand. The truth was they were dressed in “bits” given to her by the people for whom she worked. Lil, for instance, who was a stout, plain child, with big freckles, came to school in a dress made from a green art-serge table-cloth of the Burnells’, with red plush sleeves from the Logans’ curtains. Her hat, perched on top of her high forehead, was a grown-up woman’s hat, once the property of Miss Lecky, the postmistress. It was turned up at the back and trimmed with a large scarlet quill. What a little guy she looked! It was impossible not to laugh. And her little sister, our Else, wore a long white dress, rather like a nightgown, and a pair of little boy’s boots. But whatever our Else wore she would have looked strange. She was a tiny wishbone of a child, with cropped hair and enormous solemn eyes—a little white owl. Nobody had ever seen her smile; she scarcely ever spoke. She went through life holding on to Lil, with a piece of Lil’s skirt screwed up in her hand. Where Lil went our Else followed. In the playground, on the road going to and from school, there was Lil marching in front and our Else holding on behind. Only when she wanted anything, or when she was out of breath, our Else gave Lil a tug, a twitch, and Lil stopped and turned round. The Kelveys never failed to understand each other.

  1. 1. How does the account make the judgement of the Kelveys questionable?

    Compare after trying

    The apparently necessary line at the Kelveys follows an explanation that the school already mixes other families. Its necessity is a social judgement rather than a demonstrated fact. The contrast between uncertain knowledge of the father and the confident repetition of imprisonment further exposes the basis of the exclusion.

    The clothing brings the employers’ cast-offs into the sisters’ appearance. What the community mocks is partly made from its own discarded possessions. Meanwhile, the sisters’ close non-verbal understanding gives them a relationship more particular than the dismissive family label allows. These details let a reader question the judgement without pretending that the narrator gives a simple explanatory sermon.

    Why this response fits

    • Distinguish fact, rumour and value judgement.
    • Connect narrative voice with specific material and relational details.

The audience helps make the insult

This scene follows the mother’s refusal to let Kezia invite the sisters.

A playground performance and its aftermath

[1] At last everybody had seen it except them. On that day the subject rather flagged. It was the dinner hour. The children stood together under the pine trees, and suddenly, as they looked at the Kelveys eating out of their paper, always by themselves, always listening, they wanted to be horrid to them. Emmie Cole started the whisper.

[2] “Lil Kelvey’s going to be a servant when she grows up.”

[3] “O-oh, how awful!” said Isabel Burnell, and she made eyes at Emmie.

[4] Emmie swallowed in a very meaning way and nodded to Isabel as she’d seen her mother do on those occasions.

[5] “It’s true—it’s true—it’s true,” she said.

[6] Then Lena Logan’s little eyes snapped. “Shall I ask her?” she whispered.

[7] “Bet you don’t,” said Jessie May.

[8] “Pooh, I’m not frightened,” said Lena. Suddenly she gave a little squeal and danced in front of the other girls. “Watch! Watch me! Watch me now!” said Lena. And sliding, gliding, dragging one foot, giggling behind her hand, Lena went over to the Kelveys.

[9] Lil looked up from her dinner. She wrapped the rest quickly away. Our Else stopped chewing. What was coming now?

[10] “Is it true you’re going to be a servant when you grow up, Lil Kelvey?” shrilled Lena.

[11] Dead silence. But instead of answering, Lil only gave her silly, shamefaced smile. She didn’t seem to mind the question at all. What a sell for Lena! The girls began to titter.

[12] Lena couldn’t stand that. She put her hands on her hips; she shot forward. “Yah, yer father’s in prison!” she hissed, spitefully.

[13] This was such a marvellous thing to have said that the little girls rushed away in a body, deeply, deeply excited, wild with joy. Some one found a long rope, and they began skipping. And never did they skip so high, run in and out so fast, or do such daring things as on that morning.

  1. 1. How does the playground episode make cruelty a collective activity?

    Compare after trying

    The suggestion about future service begins in a group already watching the isolated sisters. The copied maternal manner connects the judgement with adult behaviour. Lena then asks for attention before approaching, so her challenge is also a performance for an audience.

    Lil’s lack of the expected answer frustrates that performance and provokes a sharper accusation. The delighted rush into skipping after it makes the group’s energy disturbing: the insult produces shared excitement rather than shame. A response should not infer that Lil is unharmed merely because she gives no direct reply.

    Why this response fits

    • Follow the escalation and the reaction after the insult.
    • Use the audience’s role rather than blaming an abstract society without textual detail.

Confidence in the telling can expose prejudice

The narrator reports a school in which many children may mix, then describes a line drawn at the Kelveys. Assertions about suitable company, clothing and the impossibility of not laughing carry the community’s contempt into the telling. They need not be accepted as Mansfield’s moral endorsement. The statement that nobody knows the father’s whereabouts for certain precedes the claim that everybody says he is in prison. This sequence identifies a rumour amplified into social certainty. A precise response names who believes or says something and keeps that attribution when discussing the family.

Clothes reveal dependence as well as social labelling

Mrs Kelvey works as a washerwoman and uses cast-off materials from the households that employ her. Lil’s conspicuous outfit includes a Burnell tablecloth and another family’s curtain material; the garments connect rich and poor even as observers use them to separate the children. The account of Else’s smallness, solemn eyes and dependence on her sister changes attention from fashionable appearance to vulnerability. Her tugs are a meaningful means of communication. The sisters understand each other although others reduce them to a shameful category. Their closeness should not be mistaken for an absence of thought or feeling.

Cruelty grows through imitation and an audience

Emmie repeats a gesture she has seen her mother use, making the transmission of social judgement visible. Lena performs before the other girls when she challenges Lil about becoming a servant. Lil’s failure to provide the expected response frustrates the performance, and Lena escalates to the accusation about her father. The children’s excited skipping after the insult makes communal pleasure part of the harm. The story does not show that Lil feels nothing; her smile is described through a social gaze, and her silence does not grant the taunt moral authority. Read performance, reaction and escalation together.

Sources for this lesson

Pause and explain

Does the story establish that the Kelvey father is in prison?

Put the idea to work

Worked example

Revise “The narrator proves the Kelveys deserve rejection because their father is a criminal”.

Show the worked solution
  1. The father’s whereabouts are expressly uncertain.
  2. The prison claim is attributed to what everybody says.
  3. Children then repeat it as an insult.

Answer The community treats an unverified rumour as a reason for exclusion, and the narrative lets readers see the cruelty of that process.

Try a topic test

Choose Easy, Normal or Difficult. Save your answers and open worked review after finishing.

Test this topic →

From guided practice to a new situation

Write your answer and reasoning first. Use a hint only if you are stuck. The model solution is for self-checking; your written work is not automatically marked.

1 · Guided

Explain why the borrowed clothing complicates the community’s judgement.

Give me a hint

Trace where the materials come from.

Compare my reasoning
  1. Mrs Kelvey receives remnants from employers.
  2. Observers ridicule clothes made from those same households’ materials.

The outfit reveals a material connection between households while becoming a visible excuse for social separation.

Look for these in your work

  • Identify the connection
  • Explain the contradiction
2 · Independent

How does the reference to Emmie’s mother shape the playground scene?

Give me a hint

Use the copied gesture beside the adult prohibition.

Compare my reasoning
  1. The girl imitates an adult manner of communicating judgement.
  2. The adults have already made the Kelveys unsuitable companions.

The scene shows prejudice being learned and performed, while the children actively intensify it for their audience.

Look for these in your work

  • Use imitation
  • Retain the children’s actions
3 · Transfer

Correct “Lil is unhurt, so Lena’s insult is harmless”.

Give me a hint

Separate observed expression from knowledge of private feelings.

Compare my reasoning
  1. Lil’s smile does not disclose all her feelings.
  2. Lena escalates when the first taunt fails and the group celebrates the result.

The absence of an answering protest does not erase humiliation; the collective excitement makes cruelty socially rewarding.

Look for these in your work

  • Avoid invented certainty about feelings
  • Explain the group response

Common mistakes

  • Do not treat socially prejudiced narration as an instruction to despise the sisters.
  • Do not treat Lil’s smile as reliable proof that the taunts cause no pain.
Recall without your notes

What can you explain now?

Does the story establish that the Kelvey father is in prison?

Compare with the explanation

No; it says nobody knows for certain, then reports the community’s rumour.

The contrast exposes how an uncertain claim becomes a confident social weapon.

After trying it yourself, choose your next review. This is your self-assessment.

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Make it stick

Does the story establish that the Kelvey father is in prison?

If you needed the solution, close it and solve the problem again from a blank page. A correct answer is stronger when you can explain the reason for each step.

Keep learning World Literature

Course scope and assessment

238 original lessons provide 714 guided, independent and transfer tasks, plus 431 reading-tracker and long-response prompts. Twenty skill and route entries, three year-specific Cherry Orchard entries, two Anowa entries, three Crocodiles entries, one 2027 Little Foxes entry, two year-specific Volume 1 poetry entries, one historical 2025 Volume 2 poetry entry and three year-specific Volume 2 story entries link teaching. Anowa has ten lessons through the Prologue and all three phases, with thirty staged tasks and ten original developed responses. Complete primary reading locators support analysis of the contested community frame, partnership, enslavement, the children, remembered dream, separation and ending. The protected play is linked rather than reproduced; editorial BECE material is not reused. Both eligible 2025–2026 Anowa rows link the whole-play pathway. Twenty-eight lessons teach the Author’s Note and all six country chapters of In the Sea There Are Crocodiles, with eighty-four staged tasks and sixty original developed responses. Four workshops teach passage analysis, whole-book argument, layered voice and retrieval/revision. All three complete 2025–2027 book entries link the whole-book pathway; the existing supplemental route remains available without adding another counted requirement. The public reflowed reading is linked rather than reproduced, with edition limits explicit. Twenty-two Little Foxes lessons teach all three acts for 2027, with sixty-six staged tasks and forty-eight original developed responses. Hospitality, silenced voices, the mill, financial negotiation, the proposed marriage, Horace’s return and refusal, the bonds, Birdie’s disclosure, withheld help, the final bargain and Alexandra’s decision are taught through actual stage directions and dialogue locators. Four workshops develop passage analysis, whole-play argument, stagecraft and corrective retrieval. SET-2027-2 links the full sequence; the existing supplemental route remains available without inflating counted requirements. The protected acting script is linked rather than reproduced; exact centre-edition wording and revisions must be checked. The Cherry Orchard has an 18-lesson whole-text sequence with five actual Julius West excerpts and three argument models. The 2026–2027 poetry option has teaching for all fourteen members, three complete public-domain poems and close-reading, comparison and retrieval workshops. Twenty-four lessons teach all ten 2026–2028 Stories of Ourselves Volume 2 members, with named reading and writing sequences and evidence, passage-context, essay and ten-member retrieval workshops. Two complete public-domain narratives, nineteen actual prose extracts and Katie’s complete twenty-line poem within Besant’s prose story support close reading and whole-story writing. The Shrinking Shoe follows the original 1895 prose and its five sections; the embedded poem is not a Paper 2 set poem. All three eligible ten-story selection rows link the complete pathway. Wodehouse and Woolf use brief quotations and original commentary with complete reading sources; their full texts are not reproduced here. Twelve lessons teach twelve compulsory 2028–2030 Volume 3 poems, with thirty-six staged tasks and twenty-four developed-response prompts. The Dutt and Kingsley excerpts and Cissoko’s exact translation still need verified reading and teaching; full-selection workshops remain unfinished, so all three complete poetry rows remain unlinked. Fourteen lessons teach seven 2029–2030 Volume 3 stories with thirty-five developed-response prompts. Twelve actual older primary excerpts support four stories; Achebe, Desai and Danticat use original commentary with complete primary reading links rather than reproducing their protected texts. A separate partial-member pathway supports The Necklace, The Model Millionaire, Sultana’s Dream, The Interlopers, The Sacrificial Egg, Sale and New York Day Women without linking either complete ten-story row. The three other members and full-selection workshops remain unfinished. Read the full centre-selected works and protected anthology; check edition differences, including Weissenhorn’s older Necklace translation. The historical 2025 poetry pathway teaches all fourteen members through eighteen lessons, fifty-four staged tasks and fifty-one developed-response models. Three complete public-domain poems remain printed with line breaks; eleven protected poems use complete primary reading links and original commentary. Four workshops teach close analysis, whole-poem argument, preparation comparisons and specific retrieval of all fourteen members. The complete SET-2025-5 option links this sequence; the historical supplemental route remains without increasing counted requirements. Archival Cambridge and WJEC papers supply primary poems, not reused questions or later-year assessment rules. Centre-edition differences remain explicit. Forty-six lessons provide original teaching and practice for nine historical 2025 story members: The Doll’s House, The Gold Watch, A Visit, A Walk to the Jetty, In the Mountains, Mrs. Sen’s, Promenade, The Plantation and The Paper Menagerie. Together they provide one hundred and thirty-eight staged tasks and one hundred and one developed-response models. A Visit uses complete primary reading visually checked across printed pages 306–310. Promenade follows the complete seven-page narrative on printed pages 416–422; its four lessons trace bodily control, wordless meetings, the interrupted circuit and changed final walk. Mrs. Sen’s has six lessons through the complete story, with eighteen staged tasks and thirteen developed-response models. Teaching follows the collection scan from its unnumbered opening through printed p.135, with food, letters, recordings, separate journeys and the changed final care arrangement. The Plantation has five lessons, fifteen staged tasks and eleven developed-response models through all four numbered sections, visually checked against printed pages 423–429 through the final dawn bird-call. In the Mountains has seven lessons, twenty-one staged tasks and fifteen developed-response models through the final invitation to eat. The complete publisher transcription supports scene-based reading; automated-text errors and subscription access remain explicit, and original printed pages were not visually verified. A Walk to the Jetty has seven lessons, twenty-one staged tasks and fifteen developed-response models through the complete six-page retype’s final berth. Reader annotations and the appended question are separate; the complete publisher version has wording differences, so exact quotations require the approved edition. The centre edition remains required for exact quotations. The protected stories are linked, not reproduced. The partial member pathway is supplemental; Words and full-selection workshops remain unfinished, so SET-2025-6 stays unlinked. Fifteen year-specific prescribed-work entries remain unfinished; complete centre-selected coursework reading also needs substantive text-specific teaching. The 51-entry map is a StudyForA preparation map, not official numbered syllabus sections or a percentage of student mastery. Written practice is self-checked and is not officially marked. Full timed papers and qualified literature-teacher assessment remain unfinished. Fictional exercises are labelled separately from actual excerpts; alternative well-supported readings can be valid. Centre-authenticated coursework and Cambridge moderation are separate from self-check practice.

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