Science — Combined 0653
Explore biology, chemistry and physics together. Build scientific understanding through explanations, worked examples and investigation skills.
What you'll cover
- Characteristics and classification
- Organisation
- Movement across cells
- Biological molecules
- Enzymes
- Plant nutrition
Published syllabus exam years: 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029. Confirm exam-series and centre availability with your school and Cambridge.
Your route through Combined Science 0653
2028–2029 syllabus
121 of 121 sections have teaching and practice
Start the learning pathwayStudy options and assessment
This pathway maps all 121 detailed subject-content sections in the published 0653 syllabus for exams in 2028 and 2029. It adapts original lessons from the related single-science pathways and keeps Combined Science's narrower scope: Biology B1–B16, Chemistry C1–C12 and Physics P1–P5. A 0653-specific objective-by-objective review, Core/Supplement audit, human subject-teacher review, supervised laboratory experience and cumulative assessment remain in progress. Written practice is self-checked and does not predict an official grade. The separate 2025–2027 syllabus has not been reconciled here; choose the 2028–2029 syllabus only.
The 2025–2027 syllabus is also active and is not mapped on this page. Cambridge lists 0653 in all administrative zones, with June and November exams and a March series for schools in India; confirm your centre's entry details.
Choose your paper route
- CorePapers 1 and 3, plus Paper 5 or Paper 6
Core subject content only; the syllabus states that this route is eligible for grades C to G.
- ExtendedPapers 2 and 4, plus Paper 5 or Paper 6
Core and Supplement content; the syllabus states that this route is eligible for grades A* to G.
- Practical assessmentPaper 5 Practical Test or Paper 6 Alternative to Practical
Both test experimental skills. StudyForA provides written practice and does not certify laboratory performance.
View syllabus coverage
The 2028–2029 syllabus lists 33 Biology, Chemistry and Physics main areas and 121 detailed sections. Each section below links to lessons with guided, independent and transfer practice. Core candidates use Papers 1 and 3; Extended candidates use Papers 2 and 4; all candidates also take Paper 5 or Paper 6. This is an initial crosswalk from related single-science lessons; checking every numbered 0653 objective and each Core/Supplement boundary is still in progress. Online written activities cannot replace laboratory experience. Cambridge qualification page: https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/programmes-and-qualifications/cambridge-igcse-science-combined-0653/
Characteristics and classification
- Characteristics of living organismsB1.1
Organisation
- Cell structureB2.1Compare the structures of plant and animal cellsSeparate the functions of the cell wall membrane cytoplasm and nucleusConnect ribosomes mitochondria and chloroplasts with their rolesExplain the large permanent vacuole in a plant cellIdentify bacterial cell structures and explain their functionsUse microscope images without inventing invisible structuresExplain that new cells come from existing cellsLink ciliated cells with movement of airway mucusLink root hair cells with absorption from soilLink palisade mesophyll cells with photosynthesisLink neurones with conduction of electrical impulsesLink red blood cells with oxygen transportCompare sperm and egg cells as reproductive gametesBuild the hierarchy from cells to an organism
- Size of specimensB2.2Calculate magnification from image and actual sizeCalculate actual specimen size by rearranging magnificationCalculate the required image size for a stated magnificationUse a scale bar when an image has been resizedConvert between millimetres and micrometresCombine unit conversion with magnification calculations
Movement across cells
- DiffusionB3.1Explain net diffusion from random particle movementIdentify the kinetic energy that drives diffusionConnect membrane diffusion with gas and solute exchangeRelate surface area and distance to diffusion exchangePredict diffusion changes with temperature and gradientPlan and interpret a controlled diffusion investigation
- OsmosisB3.2Explain water as a biological solventDescribe osmosis through a partially permeable membranePlan an osmosis investigation with dialysis tubingInvestigate plant tissue in different solution concentrationsCalculate percentage mass change and estimate the no-change concentrationExplain how water pressure supports a plantUse water potential to predict osmosisDistinguish turgid flaccid and plasmolysed plant cellsExplain osmotic water uptake and loss in organismsCompare osmotic effects on animal and plant cells
- Active transportB3.3
Biological molecules
- Biological moleculesB4.1Compare the elements in carbohydrates fats and proteinsConnect starch glycogen and cellulose with glucose building blocksConnect proteins with amino acid building blocksConnect fats and oils with fatty acids and glycerolUse iodine solution to test for starchUse Benedict’s solution to test for reducing sugarsUse the biuret test to detect proteinUse the ethanol emulsion test to detect fats and oilsUse DCPIP to test for vitamin CDescribe the two-stranded DNA double helixApply complementary DNA base pairingUse base-pair totals to check a DNA model
Enzymes
- EnzymesB5.1Identify a catalyst from reaction-rate evidenceDescribe enzymes as protein biological catalystsExplain why living organisms need enzyme-controlled ratesDescribe the complementary active site and substrateTrack substrate products and enzyme reuseDescribe temperature effects from enzyme-activity dataDistinguish cold slowing from heat denaturationDescribe pH effects from enzyme-activity dataPlan a controlled temperature investigation with amylasePlan a controlled pH investigation with buffersCalculate endpoint-rate proxies and sampling limitsExplain the enzyme-substrate complex and product releaseExplain enzyme specificity through complementary fitExplain warming through kinetic energy and effective collisionsExplain denaturation through altered active-site fitExplain pH effects through active-site shape and fit
Plant nutrition
- PhotosynthesisB6.1Describe photosynthesis as carbohydrate synthesisUse the photosynthesis word equationConnect chlorophyll chloroplasts and energy transferConnect starch storage and cellulose walls to glucoseTrace carbohydrate through respiration transport and nectarExplain nitrate requirements for amino acid synthesisExplain magnesium requirements for chlorophyllInterpret a supervised leaf starch testUse covered-leaf evidence for the light requirementUse variegated-leaf evidence for the chlorophyll requirementTest the carbon dioxide requirement with matched chambersInvestigate light intensity and photosynthetic gas releaseInvestigate carbon dioxide availability and gas releaseInvestigate temperature and photosynthetic gas releaseCalculate gas-release rates and recognise proxy limitsInterpret hydrogencarbonate indicator in aquatic-plant studiesExplain light and dark net gas exchangeBalance the photosynthesis chemical equationIdentify light and carbon dioxide limiting factors from dataChoose a useful greenhouse change from limiting-factor evidence
- Leaf structureB6.2Explain broad thin leaves as photosynthetic adaptationsIdentify the layers in a dicotyledonous leaf diagramLink mesophyll chloroplasts and air spaces to photosynthesisDistinguish guard cells from stomatal poresExplain the cuticle and epidermis in the leaf modelDistinguish xylem and phloem in leaf vascular bundlesRead genuine dicot leaf cross-section imagesRead a genuine guard-cell and chloroplast micrograph
Human nutrition
- DietB7.1Explain a balanced dietConnect carbohydrate sources with energy supplyExplain the importance of fats and oilsConnect protein sources with growth and repairExplain vitamin C sources and connective-tissue supportConnect vitamin D with calcium use and ricketsExplain calcium sources and the skeletonConnect iron sources with haemoglobinExplain fibre as roughageExplain water sources and body functionsCompare scurvy and rickets using stated dietary evidence
- Digestive systemB7.2Trace the alimentary canal from mouth to anusIdentify the organs that supply digestive secretionsDistinguish ingestion, digestion and absorptionExplain mouth, oesophagus and stomach functionsExplain small and large intestine functionsSeparate assimilation from egestionIdentify organs in a published digestive-system image
- Physical digestionB7.3Distinguish physical from chemical digestionCalculate how subdivision exposes more surfaceIdentify incisors, canines, premolars and molarsDescribe enamel, dentine and cement in a toothLocate pulp, nerves, blood vessels, bone and gumsRelate each tooth type to physical digestionExplain stomach churning as physical digestionExplain bile emulsification as a surface-area change
- Chemical digestionB7.4Explain chemical digestion and soluble productsExplain amylase digestion of starchExplain the overall protease pathwayExplain lipase digestion of fats and oilsLocate amylase secretion and actionLocate protease and lipase secretion and actionExplain hydrochloric acid in gastric juiceTrace starch through maltose to glucoseCompare pepsin and trypsin environmentsExplain alkaline bile at the duodenum
- AbsorptionB7.5
Plant transport
- Xylem and phloemB8.1Explain water transport and support in xylemDistinguish phloem transport from xylem transportLocate transport tissues in a dicot root diagramIdentify transport tissues in a buttercup root micrographLocate transport tissues in a dicot stem diagramIdentify transport tissues in a sunflower stem micrographLocate xylem and phloem in a dicot leaf diagramIdentify tissues in a published Arabidopsis leaf imageExplain how xylem vessel structure supports transport
- Water uptakeB8.2Recognise a root hair cell and its uptake rolesIdentify root hairs in a genuine Arabidopsis imageExplain how root hairs increase the absorbing surfaceSeparate water entry from mineral-ion uptakeTrace water from root hair to mesophyllPlan a stain investigation of the shoot water pathwayInterpret evidence from a stained shoot
- TranspirationB8.3Define transpiration and distinguish vapour from liquidTrace evaporation and diffusion through a leafInvestigate wind speed and water uptakeInvestigate temperature and water uptakeCalculate a potometer uptake rateEvaluate potometer repeats and measurement limitsExplain leaf features that promote transpirationExplain transpiration pull and cohesion in xylemExplain temperature, wind and humidity effectsExplain why a plant wilts when loss exceeds uptake
- TranslocationB8.4
Animal transport
- Circulatory systemsB9.1
- HeartB9.2Identify the four chambers in a heart diagramLocate the muscular wall septum and one-way valvesIdentify chambers and walls in an anatomical heart imageRecognise coronary arteries on the heart surfaceDistinguish arteries and veins by directionCompare ECG pulse and heart-sound monitoringPlan a controlled heart-rate investigationInterpret heart-rate change and recovery dataExplain coronary artery blockage and muscle supplyDiscuss all seven coronary disease risk factorsExplain diet and exercise in coronary risk reductionLocate atrioventricular and semilunar valvesIdentify valve categories in a prepared-heart photographExplain the different ventricular wall thicknessesExplain why atrial walls are thinner than ventricular wallsExplain how the septum separates oxygenated and deoxygenated bloodCoordinate contraction and valve action in a cardiac cycleExplain why activity increases heart rate
- Blood vesselsB9.3Compare artery vein and capillary structureExplain how venous valves prevent backflowState the exchange functions of capillariesIdentify the main vessels connected to the heartTrace pulmonary vessels between heart and lungsIdentify renal artery and renal vein routesIdentify main vessels in a whole-body anatomical imageRelate arterial wall structure to blood pressureRelate venous structure to low-pressure returnExplain capillary adaptations for efficient exchangeIdentify the three liver blood-vessel routesRecognise hepatic vessels in a published liver image
- BloodB9.4List the four main components of bloodIdentify red and white blood cells in diagramsIdentify red and white cells in a blood photomicrographExplain oxygen transport by red blood cellsState the defence functions of white blood cellsExplain the role of platelets in clottingExplain all six required plasma transport rolesExplain why clotting limits blood loss and pathogen entryIdentify lymphocytes and phagocytes in diagramsRecognise lymphocytes and phagocytes in photomicrographsExplain antibody production by lymphocytesExplain engulfing pathogens by phagocytosisDescribe fibrinogen conversion during clottingExplain how a fibrin mesh helps seal a damaged site
Diseases and immunity
- Diseases and immunityB10.1Define a pathogen using disease causationDistinguish transmissible disease from other illnessTrace direct contact through blood and body fluidsExplain indirect spread through surfaces and airTrace transmission through food water and animalsDescribe skin and nose hairs as body defencesExplain mucus stomach acid and white-cell defenceExplain clean water supply and sewage treatmentExplain hygienic food preparation and personal hygieneExplain waste disposal in disease controlExplain active immunity through antibody productionUse antigen shapes to explain antibody specificityExplain antibody binding and pathogen destructionExplain active immunity after infection or vaccinationOutline vaccination and memory-cell productionExplain vaccination as a control of disease spreadExplain passive immunity across the placentaExplain breast milk and passive protection in infantsCompare active and passive immunity by source and memoryDescribe cholera and its contaminated-water routeExplain cholera toxin and chloride secretionExplain osmotic diarrhoea dehydration and ion loss
Human gas exchange
- Gas exchange in humansB11.1Describe large area and thin gas-exchange surfacesDescribe blood supply and ventilation at alveoliIdentify larynx trachea bronchi and bronchioles in a diagramIdentify lungs ribs intercostal muscles and diaphragm in a diagramIdentify alveoli and their associated capillaries in a diagramIdentify major respiratory organs in a published imageIdentify ribs and intercostal muscles in a published imageIdentify bronchioles alveoli and capillaries in a published imageUse limewater to test for carbon dioxidePlan a fair inspired and expired air comparisonInterpret repeated limewater cloudiness timingsCompare oxygen and carbon dioxide in inspired and expired airCompare water vapour in inspired and expired airCalculate breathing rate from timed countsRead breathing depth and rate from a volume traceInvestigate activity effects and breathing recoveryIdentify internal and external intercostal layers in a diagramIdentify intercostal layers in a published thorax imageExplain how tracheal cartilage keeps the airway openExplain inspiration through thorax volume and pressureDistinguish quiet and forced expirationEvaluate a bell-jar ventilation modelExplain oxygen and carbon dioxide changes through respirationExplain how moist surfaces change expired airExplain activity carbon dioxide and breathing controlExplain goblet cells mucus and cilia in airway protection
Respiration
- RespirationB12.1Connect respiration energy with movement and transportConnect respiration energy with growth and cell controlPlan a controlled yeast temperature investigationInterpret yeast temperature and gas-rate dataEvaluate repeat yeast trials and rate uncertaintyDefine aerobic respiration in cellsSeparate respiration breathing and photosynthesisUse the aerobic respiration word equationBalance the aerobic respiration chemical equationApply aerobic equation amount ratiosDefine anaerobic respiration without oxygen useCompare energy release per glucose moleculeUse the yeast anaerobic word equationInterpret yeast gas evidence and fermentation contextsUse the muscle anaerobic word equationBalance the yeast anaerobic chemical equationApply yeast equation amount ratiosExplain lactic acid accumulation and oxygen debtExplain all three parts of oxygen debt removalInterpret exercise recovery data within the model
Drugs
- DrugsB13.1Describe a drug by its effect on body chemistryInterpret a model drug effect on a chemical reactionDescribe antibiotics as treatments for bacterial infectionsDistinguish antibiotic targets from virusesDescribe antibiotic resistance in bacteriaCalculate survival in a model antibiotic exposureApply a stated antibiotic response tableConnect the four Core drug requirementsExplain selection of resistant bacteriaExplain why antibiotics should be used only when essentialUse MRSA as an example of antibiotic-resistant bacteriaInterpret selection and reproduction in bacterial count data
Reproduction
- Sexual reproduction in plantsB14.1Locate all ten flower structures in a cutaway modelExplain anther and filament functions within a stamenExplain stigma style ovary and ovule functions within a carpelConnect sepal and petal structure with their functionsDraw and label the required flower structuresIdentify visible structures in a numbered flower photographIdentify ovary and ovules in a real cut-section photographIdentify exposed hanging anthers in a wind-flower photographIdentify feathery stigmas in a wind-flower photographCompare insect-carried and wind-carried pollen grainsDefine pollination as transfer from anther to stigmaLocate fertilisation inside an ovuleExplain insect-flower adaptations through visitor contactExplain wind-flower adaptations through release and interceptionCompare insect and wind flowers using matched functionsDescribe the three required conditions for seed germinationPlan a controlled water requirement investigationPlan a controlled oxygen requirement investigationInvestigate suitable temperature using repeated seed countsInterpret germination data with correct denominators and limitsEvaluate a germination investigation before drawing conclusionsDefine self-pollination using the identity of the plantDefine cross-pollination using different same-species plantsDiscuss potential variation after self and cross pollinationConnect population variation with changing environmentsDiscuss reliance on pollinators for self and cross routesDiscuss all three population effects of self and cross pollinationTrace pollen-tube growth from stigma through styleConnect pollen-tube entry into an ovule with fertilisation
- Sexual reproduction in humansB14.2Identify the six required male reproductive structuresExplain testis and scrotum functionsTrace sperm transport and prostate fluid additionDistinguish the shared urethra from sperm ducts and uretersIdentify the five required female reproductive structuresDistinguish egg production from oviduct transportExplain uterus cervix and vagina functionsCompare male and female reproductive organ routesDescribe human fertilisation as gamete nuclear fusionOrder gamete transport fertilisation and later developmentExplain flagellum mitochondria and acrosome adaptationsEvaluate sperm structure and function explanationsExplain egg energy stores and the changing jelly coatDistinguish egg coat change from sperm acrosome actionCompare sperm and egg size structure motility and numbersInterpret gamete counts and comparison evidenceTrace zygote division into an early embryoLocate early embryo implantation in the uterine liningIdentify placenta umbilical cord amniotic sac and fluidDistinguish the placenta from the umbilical cordExplain amniotic sac and fluid functionsExplain the sequence from zygote to fetal supportExplain nutrient gas and waste exchange at the placentaTrace fetal blood between placenta and fetusInterpret a bounded placental exchange modelExplain how some pathogens and toxins can cross the placentaDistinguish secondary sexual characteristics from reproductive organsExplain testosterone in secondary sexual developmentExplain oestrogen in secondary sexual developmentCompare testosterone and oestrogen explanations at pubertyDescribe follicle development ovulation and the corpus luteumDescribe shedding rebuilding and maintenance of the uterine liningMatch ovarian events with changes in the uterine liningInterpret cycle length and event timing without fixed-day assumptionsLocate oestrogen production through the ovarian cycleLocate progesterone production after ovulationDescribe changing oestrogen and progesterone sources in pregnancyExplain FSH action on developing ovarian folliclesExplain the LH surge ovulation and corpus luteum formationExplain oestrogen rebuilding and changing pituitary feedbackExplain progesterone lining maintenance and pituitary inhibitionExplain the four-hormone sequence in a non-pregnant cycleRead the order of peaks on an illustrative hormone graphCalculate a model progesterone change and explain its limitsExplain continued hormone support during pregnancyRepair explanations of cycle hormones and pregnancy support
Organisms and their environment
- Energy flowB15.1Identify the Sun as the principal energy sourceTrace light energy into a living organismLocate chemical energy in an organismFollow chemical energy during feedingConnect chemical energy with processes in organismsExplain energy transfer to the environmentBuild a labelled energy-flow pathwayInterpret energy-flow evidence without overclaiming
- Food chains and food websB15.2Build a food chain and read its arrowsDistinguish producers from consumersName consumer types and positionsRead a food web as connected chainsExplain the role of decomposersTrace human impacts through a food webDraw and interpret a pyramid of numbersConstruct a pyramid of biomassCompare biomass and numbers pyramidsIdentify trophic levels in chains and websDraw and interpret an energy pyramidChoose energy, biomass or numbers pyramidsExplain inefficient energy transferExplain why most chains have fewer than five levelsCompare direct crop eating with livestock
- Carbon cycleB15.3Map carbon through a cycleFix carbon dioxide by photosynthesisReturn carbon by respirationTransfer carbon by feedingReturn carbon by decompositionConnect fossil fuels and combustion to carbonFix atmospheric nitrogenDecompose proteins to ammonium ionsNitrify ammonium into nitrateAbsorb nitrate and build plant proteinsTransfer nitrogen through feeding and digestionDeaminate excess amino acidsReturn nitrate to atmospheric nitrogen
Human influences on ecosystems
- Habitat destructionB16.1
- ConservationB16.2
States of matter
- Solids, liquids and gasesC1.1
- DiffusionC1.2
Atoms, elements and compounds
- Elements, compounds and mixturesC2.1
- Atomic structure and the Periodic TableC2.2
- IsotopesC2.3
- Ions and ionic bondsC2.4
- Simple molecules and covalent bondsC2.5
- Giant covalent structuresC2.6
- Metallic bondingC2.7
Stoichiometry
- FormulaeC3.1
- Relative masses of atoms and moleculesC3.2
- The mole and the Avogadro constantC3.3
Electrochemistry
- ElectrolysisC4.1
- Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cellsC4.2
Chemical energetics
- Exothermic and endothermic reactionsC5.1
Chemical reactions
- Physical and chemical changesC6.1
- Rate of reactionC6.2
- Reversible reactions and equilibriumC6.3
- RedoxC6.4
Acids, bases and salts
- The characteristic properties of acids and basesC7.1
- OxidesC7.2
- Preparation of saltsC7.3
The Periodic Table
- Arrangement of elementsC8.1
- Group I propertiesC8.2
- Group VII propertiesC8.3
- Transition elementsC8.4
- Noble gasesC8.5
Metals
- Properties of metalsC9.1
- Uses of metalsC9.2
- Alloys and their propertiesC9.3
- Reactivity seriesC9.4
- Corrosion of metalsC9.5
- Extraction of metalsC9.6
Chemistry of the environment
- WaterC10.1
- FertilisersC10.2
- Air quality and climateC10.3Clean dry air: composition and approximate proportionsAir pollutants: connect each source with its effectReducing climate change and acid-rain emissionsPhotosynthesis: reactants, products and light energyThe greenhouse effect: absorption, emission and energy balanceEngine nitrogen oxides and catalytic-converter reactionsPhotosynthesis: balance the symbol equation and quantities
Organic chemistry
- Formulae, functional groups and terminologyC11.1
- Naming organic compoundsC11.2
- FuelsC11.3
- AlkanesC11.4
- AlkenesC11.5
- AlcoholsC11.6
- Carboxylic acidsC11.7
- PolymersC11.8Polymers and polyethene: many monomers, one long chainPlastics: useful properties and disposal consequencesAddition repeats: deduce the monomer and retain side groupsPolyamides and nylon: monomers, links and water lossPolyesters and PET: ester links and return to monomersProteins: amino acids and natural polyamide links
Experimental techniques and chemical analysis
- Experimental designC12.1
- Acid–base titrationsC12.2
- ChromatographyC12.3
- Separation and purificationC12.4
- Identification of ions and gasesC12.5Carbonate and halide tests: reagent then observationNitrate, sulfate and sulfite: distinguish three similar namesWhite cation precipitates and the separate ammonium gas testColoured cation precipitates: chromium, copper and ironGas identification: six tests and six specific observationsFlame tests: six metal-ion colours and contamination limits
Motion, forces and energy
- Physical quantities and measurement techniquesP1.1
- MotionP1.2Calculate speed and specify velocity directionFind whole-journey average speed including stopsPlot distance-time graphs and calculate straight gradientsRecognise changing speed on curved distance-time graphsPlot speed-time graphs and identify motion statesFind distance from areas under speed-time graphsRecognise near-Earth free-fall accelerationCalculate acceleration and signed decelerationCalculate acceleration from speed-time gradientsDistinguish constant and changing accelerationExplain falling motion and terminal velocity
- Mass and weightP1.3Distinguish mass from gravitational weightCalculate weight mass and gravitational field strengthDetermine field strength from weight-mass dataConnect gravitational field strength with free-fall accelerationCompare masses and weights using a balanceExplain weight as the effect of a gravitational field
- DensityP1.4Explain density as mass per unit volumeRearrange density equations and convert cubic unitsDetermine density of regularly shaped solidsDetermine density of sinking irregular solidsDetermine liquid density with an empty-container correctionPredict floating and sinking from object densityOrder immiscible liquids by densityEvaluate density methods and systematic errors
- Effects of forcesP1.5.1Explain stretching compression bending and twistingMeasure extension in a supervised spring experimentPlot and interpret load-extension dataCombine forces along the same straight lineConnect zero resultant force with unchanged velocityExplain how a resultant changes speed or directionDescribe solid friction and the heating it can produceRecognise drag in liquids and gasesCalculate spring constant using force and extensionIdentify the limit of proportionality on a spring graphCalculate acceleration from the resultant forceFind the force or mass needed for a specified accelerationExplain inward force and tangent velocity in circular motionCompare force speed radius and mass in maintained circular motion
- Turning effect of forcesP1.5.2Explain moments and everyday turning effectsCalculate moments using perpendicular distanceBalance a beam with one force on each sideConvert hanging masses into balancing weightsRequire both force and moment balance for equilibriumFind the pivot support force on a balanced beamBalance several forces and an off-centre beam weightTest moment balance in a supervised ruler experiment
- Centre of gravityP1.5.3
- MomentumP1.6Calculate momentum with signed velocityCalculate momentum changes including reboundsCalculate impulse from force and durationFind average force and contact time from impulseChoose a system and state momentum conservation conditionsSolve one-dimensional collisions when objects stickSolve separate final velocities from a supplied collision outcomeExplain recoil when an initially resting system separatesRelate momentum change per unit time to resultant forceCompare stopping times and average forces
- EnergyP1.7.1Identify the seven syllabus energy storesDescribe energy-store changes in everyday processesDistinguish mechanical and electrical energy transfersFollow heating and wave energy transfersApply energy conservation with a stated systemInterpret simple energy flow diagramsCalculate kinetic energy from mass and speedFind mass or speed from a kinetic-energy valueCalculate gravitational potential energy changesFind height changes and compare gravitational energy accountsConserve energy through multiple stagesInterpret and complete quantitative Sankey diagrams
- WorkP1.7.2
- Energy resourcesP1.7.3Trace useful energy from fossil fuelsExplain useful energy from biofuelsTrace energy through a hydroelectric damDistinguish wave and tidal energy generationExplain geothermal heating and electricityTrace electricity generation from nuclear fuelExplain electricity generation by solar cellsExplain solar water-heating panelsTrace wind energy into electrical outputCompare resources using five separate factorsExplain useful and dispersed energy qualitativelyTrace solar origins and the three resource exceptionsExplain solar fusion and research toward fusion electricityCalculate efficiency using useful energy outputCalculate efficiency using power and complete stage chains
- PowerP1.7.4
- PressureP1.8Define and calculate force per unit areaConvert areas and rearrange pressure calculationsExplain everyday changes in contact pressureCompare liquid pressure by depth and densityDistinguish liquid depth from container shape and route lengthCalculate liquid-pressure changes from vertical depthFind depth or density from a liquid-pressure differenceCompare liquid-pressure changes across stated layers
Thermal physics
- States of matterP2.1.1
- Particle modelP2.1.2Represent vibrating particles in a solidExplain liquid flow with close mobile particlesExplain gas spreading and compressionConstruct and critique simple particle diagramsRelate temperature to particle motion and absolute zeroExplain gas pressure through surface collisionsExplain Brownian motion as particle-model evidenceConnect state properties to particle forces and distancesConnect gas collisions to wall force per unit areaDistinguish Brownian grains from atoms and molecules
- Gases and the absolute scale of temperatureP2.1.3Explain heating a fixed gas mass at constant volumeExplain gas compression at constant temperatureConvert between Celsius and kelvin temperaturesDistinguish temperature readings differences and ratiosUse the constant pressure-volume productUse absolute gas pressure and consistent unitsPlot and interpret the inverse pressure-volume curveCheck pressure-volume data and model conditions
- Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gasesP2.2.1
- Specific heat capacityP2.2.2Relate a temperature rise to internal energyDistinguish temperature readings from energy amountsExplain warming through average particle kinetic energyDefine specific heat capacity and calculate energy changesRearrange heat capacity equations and interpret coolingSeparate heater input from the sample energy gainDescribe a solid specific heat capacity experimentDescribe a liquid specific heat capacity experiment
- Melting, boiling and evaporationP2.2.3Interpret melting and boiling on a heating curveState water's melting and boiling reference temperaturesExplain condensation and solidification using particlesExplain evaporation from a liquid surfaceExplain why evaporation cools a liquidCompare boiling with surface evaporationExplain temperature area and airflow effects on evaporationPlan and interpret controlled evaporation measurementsExplain cooling of an object touching an evaporating liquid
- ConductionP2.3.1
- ConvectionP2.3.2
- RadiationP2.3.3Recognise infrared thermal radiation from objectsExplain thermal radiation through a vacuumCompare infrared absorption emission and reflection by surfacesExplain steady temperature through balanced energy ratesPredict warming and cooling from unequal energy ratesExplain Earth temperature through radiation balanceDescribe a controlled infrared emission experimentDescribe a controlled infrared absorption experimentExplain temperature and area effects on infrared emission rate
- Consequences of thermal energy transferP2.3.4
Waves
- General properties of wavesP3.1Track wave energy without carrying the medium alongDescribe wave motion in ropes and springsObserve water wave motion in a ripple tankRead crests troughs amplitude and wavelengthIdentify wavefronts frequency and propagation speedCalculate wave speed with consistent wavelength unitsRearrange wave speed equations and check supplied dataCompare transverse wave models and vibration directionsRead longitudinal compressions and rarefactionsExplain reflection of waves at a plane surfaceExplain refraction through a change of wave speedDescribe diffraction through a narrow gapDescribe a ripple tank reflection experimentDescribe ripple tank refraction across a depth changeDescribe a ripple tank gap diffraction experimentDescribe a ripple tank edge diffraction experimentCompare wavelength and gap size in diffractionCompare wavelength effects at a diffraction edge
- Reflection of lightP3.2.1
- Refraction of lightP3.2.2Measure light refraction angles at a boundaryDescribe a rectangular-block refraction experimentDescribe refraction with a semicircular blockTrace light through a parallel-sided transparent blockExplain normal-incidence light transmissionDefine the critical angle for lightExplain internal reflection and total internal reflectionCalculate refractive index from light speedsUse the sine ratio for light refractionCalculate critical angle and refractive indexExplain optical fibres in telecommunications
- Thin lensesP3.2.3Compare converging and diverging lenses on parallel beamsLocate principal axis focus and focal lengthConstruct a real image with a converging lensCompare real lens-image size and positionDistinguish virtual lens images from screen projectionsConstruct a virtual image with a converging lensUse a single converging lens as a magnifying glassExplain diverging-lens correction of short-sightednessExplain converging-lens correction of long-sightedness
- Dispersion of lightP3.2.4
- Electromagnetic spectrumP3.3Order the electromagnetic spectrum by frequency and wavelengthCompare electromagnetic travel in vacuum with soundExplain radio broadcasting astronomy and RFIDExplain microwave communication and oven heatingExplain infrared heating sensing and short-range linksExplain visible light in vision photography and illuminationExplain ultraviolet security marking and water sterilisationExplain X-ray medical and security scanningExplain gamma-ray sterilisation cancer detection and treatmentDistinguish microwave and infrared heating hazardsExplain ultraviolet X-ray and gamma-ray cell damageCompare low-orbit and geostationary satellite communicationCalculate electromagnetic travel using the vacuum speedExplain wireless and optical-fibre communication choicesDistinguish analogue and digital signalsRepresent sound as analogue and digital informationExplain digital regeneration transmission rate and range
- SoundP3.4Explain sound production by vibrating sourcesDescribe sound as a longitudinal disturbanceUse the approximate human audible frequency rangeExplain why sound needs a material mediumUse the approximate speed of sound in airMeasure sound speed using a synchronised visible eventMeasure sound speed using two microphonesCompare sound amplitude loudness frequency and pitchExplain echoes as reflected soundDefine ultrasound using the frequency boundaryDescribe sound compressions and rarefactionsCompare sound speeds in solids liquids and gasesUse ultrasound echoes for non-destructive material testingExplain ultrasound scanning of soft tissueCalculate sonar depth and distinguish total path from distance
Electricity and magnetism
- Electrical quantitiesP4.1Identify positive negative and neutral charge from particle balancePredict forces between charged objectsProduce electrostatic charge by friction in a controlled testDetect electrostatic charge with an electroscopeExplain electron transfer when solids are rubbedConserve charge during isolated electron transferTest electrical conductors and insulators with a complete circuitExplain conduction and insulation using a simple electron modelClassify typical conductors and insulators without confusing magnetismUse coulombs and signed charge prefixesDefine an electric field by its force on chargeDetermine electric field direction using a positive test chargeDraw electric field patterns around point chargesDraw the field around an isolated charged conducting sphereDraw the uniform field between oppositely charged parallel platesRelate electric current to charge flowRead an analogue ammeter using its selected rangeUse a digital ammeter and choose a suitable rangeExplain metallic current as moving free electronsDistinguish direct and alternating currentCalculate current from charge passing a pointFind transferred charge and time from currentInterpret average current across changing intervalsDistinguish conventional current and electron flowDefine electromotive force as source work per unit chargeState and interpret volts for electromotive forceDefine potential difference across a componentDistinguish voltage from charge current and total energyRead an analogue voltmeter on the chosen scaleUse a digital voltmeter with a suitable parallel connectionCalculate source work per charge as electromotive forceFind source work or transferred charge from e.m.f.Calculate component potential difference from work and chargeCompare source and component work accounts for the same chargeCalculate resistance from potential difference and currentRearrange resistance to find current or potential differenceDetermine resistance with separate current and voltage measurementsCompare wire resistance when length changesCompare wire resistance when cross-sectional area changesSketch and explain a constant-resistance current–voltage graphExplain filament-lamp current–voltage curvatureExplain diode current–voltage directionalityRead resistance from a specified current–voltage operating pointScale metallic-wire resistance with lengthScale metallic-wire resistance with cross-sectional areaCombine length area and diameter changes for a metallic wireTrace electrical energy transfer through a circuitCalculate electrical power from current and potential differenceFind operating current or potential difference from electrical powerCalculate electrical energy using current potential difference and timeUse consistent time units and changing operating intervalsDefine a kilowatt-hour and convert between energy unitsCalculate appliance energy costs from kWh tariffsCompare multiappliance daily energy and costs
- Electrical circuitsP4.2Read cell and battery symbols with their polaritiesDistinguish power supplies and generators in circuit diagramsDraw switches and trace complete circuit pathsUse fixed resistors variable resistors and heatersInterpret an NTC thermistor in a sensing circuitInterpret a light dependent resistor and its illuminationIdentify lamps motors and bells as circuit outputsPlace ammeters and voltmeters in circuit diagramsRecognize magnetising coils and transformer connectionsInterpret a fuse as a current controlled circuit interruptionUse a relay to switch a separate circuitRecognize a three terminal potential divider symbolInterpret a diode direction in a circuit diagramUse an LED with light arrows and current limitingFollow the same current around a series circuitConstruct and redraw series and parallel circuit pathsCombine the e m f of sources in seriesAdd resistances in one series pathCompare source and branch currents in parallelCompare resistance before and after a parallel branch is addedExplain the advantages of parallel lamp connectionsCalculate missing currents at a circuit junctionExplain junction current balance using charge conservationAdd potential differences across series componentsUse the same potential difference across parallel branchesCalculate two resistor parallel equivalents
- Electrical safetyP4.3Explain the hazards of damaged electrical insulationExplain cable overheating and shared-socket overloadsExplain electrical hazards in damp conditionsDistinguish live neutral and protective earthExplain why an appliance switch belongs in liveExplain how a fuse interrupts excess currentChoose protective ratings from supplied circuit limitsDistinguish overcurrent trips from residual-current protectionExplain how an earthed metal case is protectedExplain double insulation and fuse protection without earth
- Cells, batteries, generators and motorsP4.4Explain a rotating coil alternating-current generatorExplain slip rings and stationary generator brushesExplain a rotating magnet generator with a fixed coilSketch and read a simple generator voltage graphRelate generator coil positions to voltage peaks and zerosRead generator periods and compare rotation changesExplain the turning effect on a current-carrying coilCompare factors that increase a coil turning effectExplain split-ring commutation in a simple d.c. motorDistinguish motor commutators from generator slip ringsExplain motor reversals and energy transfers
Space physics
- The Solar SystemP5.1Name and order the eight Solar System planetsDistinguish moons dwarf planets asteroids and cometsExplain Solar System formation by gravitational accretionExplain why inner and outer planets differCompare planetary gravity by mass and distanceCalculate one-way light travel across the Solar SystemCalculate request reply and reflection delays in spaceExplain why planets orbit the massive SunLocate the Sun at a focus of an elliptical orbitAnalyse orbital period distance and density dataInterpret planetary temperature and surface gravity dataExplain decreasing planetary orbital speeds farther from the SunExplain changing speed in an elliptical orbit through energy
- The Sun as a starP5.2
- StarsP5.3Locate the Sun within the Milky WayDefine a light-year as a distanceConvert light-year distances and signal delaysExplain cloud collapse and protostar heatingExplain the balance in a stable starTrace fuel depletion into giant stagesTrace the planetary nebula and white dwarf branchTrace massive stars through supernova and compact remnantsExplain stellar recycling into later stars and planets
- The UniverseP5.4Compare the Milky Way with the wider UniverseDescribe redshift as increased observed wavelengthCompare matching galaxy and laboratory spectraExplain how redshift supports cosmic expansionIdentify the cosmic microwave backgroundExplain the early origin and stretching of the CMBRInfer recession speed from a supplied redshift relationUse a calibrated supernova to estimate galaxy distanceCalculate Hubble constant from recession speed and distanceUse the syllabus Hubble reference and proportional graphEstimate cosmic age from the reciprocal Hubble constant
Lessons and worked examples
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Choose a lesson, try the practice and explain the idea without your notes. Your study checks help you decide what to review.
- 01
Distinguish movement from sensitivity
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Not started - 02
Connect nutrition and cellular respiration
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Not started - 03
Recognise growth and reproduction
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Not started - 04
Distinguish excretion from egestion
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Not started - 05
Compare the structures of plant and animal cells
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Not started - 06
Separate the functions of the cell wall membrane cytoplasm and nucleus
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Not started - 07
Connect ribosomes mitochondria and chloroplasts with their roles
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Not started - 08
Explain the large permanent vacuole in a plant cell
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Not started - 09
Identify bacterial cell structures and explain their functions
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Not started - 10
Use microscope images without inventing invisible structures
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Not started - 11
Explain that new cells come from existing cells
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Not started - 12
Link ciliated cells with movement of airway mucus
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Not started - 13
Link root hair cells with absorption from soil
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Not started - 14
Link palisade mesophyll cells with photosynthesis
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Not started - 15
Link neurones with conduction of electrical impulses
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Not started - 16
Link red blood cells with oxygen transport
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Not started - 17
Compare sperm and egg cells as reproductive gametes
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Not started - 18
Build the hierarchy from cells to an organism
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Not started - 19
Calculate magnification from image and actual size
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Not started - 20
Calculate actual specimen size by rearranging magnification
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Not started - 21
Calculate the required image size for a stated magnification
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Not started - 22
Use a scale bar when an image has been resized
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Not started - 23
Convert between millimetres and micrometres
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Not started - 24
Combine unit conversion with magnification calculations
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Not started - 25
Explain net diffusion from random particle movement
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Not started - 26
Identify the kinetic energy that drives diffusion
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Not started - 27
Connect membrane diffusion with gas and solute exchange
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Not started - 28
Relate surface area and distance to diffusion exchange
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Not started - 29
Predict diffusion changes with temperature and gradient
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Not started - 30
Plan and interpret a controlled diffusion investigation
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Not started - 31
Explain water as a biological solvent
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Not started - 32
Describe osmosis through a partially permeable membrane
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Not started - 33
Plan an osmosis investigation with dialysis tubing
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Not started - 34
Investigate plant tissue in different solution concentrations
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Not started - 35
Calculate percentage mass change and estimate the no-change concentration
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Not started - 36
Explain how water pressure supports a plant
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Not started - 37
Use water potential to predict osmosis
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Not started - 38
Distinguish turgid flaccid and plasmolysed plant cells
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Not started - 39
Explain osmotic water uptake and loss in organisms
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Not started - 40
Compare osmotic effects on animal and plant cells
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Not started - 41
Describe active transport against a concentration gradient
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Not started - 42
Explain active mineral-ion uptake by root hairs
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Not started - 43
Identify protein carriers in active transport
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Not started - 44
Choose between diffusion osmosis and active transport from evidence
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Not started - 45
Compare the elements in carbohydrates fats and proteins
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Not started - 46
Connect starch glycogen and cellulose with glucose building blocks
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Not started - 47
Connect proteins with amino acid building blocks
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Not started - 48
Connect fats and oils with fatty acids and glycerol
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Not started - 49
Use iodine solution to test for starch
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Not started - 50
Use Benedict’s solution to test for reducing sugars
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Not started - 51
Use the biuret test to detect protein
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Not started - 52
Use the ethanol emulsion test to detect fats and oils
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Not started - 53
Use DCPIP to test for vitamin C
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Not started - 54
Describe the two-stranded DNA double helix
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Not started - 55
Apply complementary DNA base pairing
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Not started - 56
Use base-pair totals to check a DNA model
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Not started - 57
Identify a catalyst from reaction-rate evidence
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Not started - 58
Describe enzymes as protein biological catalysts
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Not started - 59
Explain why living organisms need enzyme-controlled rates
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Not started - 60
Describe the complementary active site and substrate
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Not started - 61
Track substrate products and enzyme reuse
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Not started - 62
Describe temperature effects from enzyme-activity data
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Not started - 63
Distinguish cold slowing from heat denaturation
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Not started - 64
Describe pH effects from enzyme-activity data
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Not started - 65
Plan a controlled temperature investigation with amylase
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Not started - 66
Plan a controlled pH investigation with buffers
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Not started - 67
Calculate endpoint-rate proxies and sampling limits
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Not started - 68
Explain the enzyme-substrate complex and product release
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Not started - 69
Explain enzyme specificity through complementary fit
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Not started - 70
Explain warming through kinetic energy and effective collisions
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Not started - 71
Explain denaturation through altered active-site fit
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Not started - 72
Explain pH effects through active-site shape and fit
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Not started - 73
Describe photosynthesis as carbohydrate synthesis
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Not started - 74
Use the photosynthesis word equation
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Not started - 75
Connect chlorophyll chloroplasts and energy transfer
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Not started - 76
Connect starch storage and cellulose walls to glucose
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Not started - 77
Trace carbohydrate through respiration transport and nectar
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Not started - 78
Explain nitrate requirements for amino acid synthesis
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Not started - 79
Explain magnesium requirements for chlorophyll
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Not started - 80
Interpret a supervised leaf starch test
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Not started - 81
Use covered-leaf evidence for the light requirement
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Not started - 82
Use variegated-leaf evidence for the chlorophyll requirement
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Not started - 83
Test the carbon dioxide requirement with matched chambers
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Not started - 84
Investigate light intensity and photosynthetic gas release
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Not started - 85
Investigate carbon dioxide availability and gas release
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Not started - 86
Investigate temperature and photosynthetic gas release
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Not started - 87
Calculate gas-release rates and recognise proxy limits
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Not started - 88
Interpret hydrogencarbonate indicator in aquatic-plant studies
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Not started - 89
Explain light and dark net gas exchange
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Not started - 90
Balance the photosynthesis chemical equation
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Not started - 91
Identify light and carbon dioxide limiting factors from data
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Not started - 92
Choose a useful greenhouse change from limiting-factor evidence
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Not started - 93
Explain broad thin leaves as photosynthetic adaptations
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Not started - 94
Identify the layers in a dicotyledonous leaf diagram
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Not started - 95
Link mesophyll chloroplasts and air spaces to photosynthesis
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Not started - 96
Distinguish guard cells from stomatal pores
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Not started - 97
Explain the cuticle and epidermis in the leaf model
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Not started - 98
Distinguish xylem and phloem in leaf vascular bundles
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Not started - 99
Read genuine dicot leaf cross-section images
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Not started - 100
Read a genuine guard-cell and chloroplast micrograph
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Not started - 101
Explain a balanced diet
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Not started - 102
Connect carbohydrate sources with energy supply
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Not started - 103
Explain the importance of fats and oils
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Not started - 104
Connect protein sources with growth and repair
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Not started - 105
Explain vitamin C sources and connective-tissue support
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Not started - 106
Connect vitamin D with calcium use and rickets
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Not started - 107
Explain calcium sources and the skeleton
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Not started - 108
Connect iron sources with haemoglobin
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Not started - 109
Explain fibre as roughage
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Not started - 110
Explain water sources and body functions
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Not started - 111
Compare scurvy and rickets using stated dietary evidence
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Not started - 112
Trace the alimentary canal from mouth to anus
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Not started - 113
Identify the organs that supply digestive secretions
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Not started - 114
Distinguish ingestion, digestion and absorption
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Not started - 115
Explain mouth, oesophagus and stomach functions
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Not started - 116
Explain small and large intestine functions
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Not started - 117
Separate assimilation from egestion
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Not started - 118
Identify organs in a published digestive-system image
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Not started - 119
Distinguish physical from chemical digestion
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Not started - 120
Calculate how subdivision exposes more surface
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Not started - 121
Identify incisors, canines, premolars and molars
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Not started - 122
Describe enamel, dentine and cement in a tooth
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Not started - 123
Locate pulp, nerves, blood vessels, bone and gums
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Not started - 124
Relate each tooth type to physical digestion
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Not started - 125
Explain stomach churning as physical digestion
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Not started - 126
Explain bile emulsification as a surface-area change
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Not started - 127
Explain chemical digestion and soluble products
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Not started - 128
Explain amylase digestion of starch
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Not started - 129
Explain the overall protease pathway
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Not started - 130
Explain lipase digestion of fats and oils
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Not started - 131
Locate amylase secretion and action
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Not started - 132
Locate protease and lipase secretion and action
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Not started - 133
Explain hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
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Not started - 134
Trace starch through maltose to glucose
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Not started - 135
Compare pepsin and trypsin environments
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Not started - 136
Explain alkaline bile at the duodenum
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Not started - 137
Locate nutrient absorption in the small intestine
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Not started - 138
Compare water absorption in small intestine and colon
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Not started - 139
Distinguish villi from microvilli
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Not started - 140
Describe the structure of a villus
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Not started - 141
Explain blood capillaries in a villus
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Not started - 142
Explain lacteals and the main lipid transport route
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Not started - 143
Explain water transport and support in xylem
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Not started - 144
Distinguish phloem transport from xylem transport
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Not started - 145
Locate transport tissues in a dicot root diagram
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Not started - 146
Identify transport tissues in a buttercup root micrograph
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Not started - 147
Locate transport tissues in a dicot stem diagram
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Not started - 148
Identify transport tissues in a sunflower stem micrograph
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Not started - 149
Locate xylem and phloem in a dicot leaf diagram
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Not started - 150
Identify tissues in a published Arabidopsis leaf image
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Not started - 151
Explain how xylem vessel structure supports transport
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Not started - 152
Recognise a root hair cell and its uptake roles
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Not started - 153
Identify root hairs in a genuine Arabidopsis image
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Not started - 154
Explain how root hairs increase the absorbing surface
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Not started - 155
Separate water entry from mineral-ion uptake
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Not started - 156
Trace water from root hair to mesophyll
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Not started - 157
Plan a stain investigation of the shoot water pathway
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Not started - 158
Interpret evidence from a stained shoot
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Not started - 159
Define transpiration and distinguish vapour from liquid
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Not started - 160
Trace evaporation and diffusion through a leaf
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Not started - 161
Investigate wind speed and water uptake
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Not started - 162
Investigate temperature and water uptake
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Not started - 163
Calculate a potometer uptake rate
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Not started - 164
Evaluate potometer repeats and measurement limits
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Not started - 165
Explain leaf features that promote transpiration
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Not started - 166
Explain transpiration pull and cohesion in xylem
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Not started - 167
Explain temperature, wind and humidity effects
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Not started - 168
Explain why a plant wilts when loss exceeds uptake
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Not started - 169
Define translocation from source to sink
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Not started - 170
Identify sources and sinks from organ activity
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Not started - 171
Explain upward and downward translocation routes
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Not started - 172
Explain how source and sink roles change over time
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Not started - 173
Connect the pump, vessels and valves in a circulatory system
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Not started - 174
Explain one-way flow from the action of valves
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Not started - 175
Trace single circulation through a fish
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Not started - 176
Trace the two circuits of a mammal
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Not started - 177
Explain the advantages of double circulation
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Not started - 178
Identify the four chambers in a heart diagram
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Not started - 179
Locate the muscular wall septum and one-way valves
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Not started - 180
Identify chambers and walls in an anatomical heart image
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Not started - 181
Recognise coronary arteries on the heart surface
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Not started - 182
Distinguish arteries and veins by direction
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Not started - 183
Compare ECG pulse and heart-sound monitoring
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Not started - 184
Plan a controlled heart-rate investigation
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Not started - 185
Interpret heart-rate change and recovery data
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Not started - 186
Explain coronary artery blockage and muscle supply
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Not started - 187
Discuss all seven coronary disease risk factors
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Not started - 188
Explain diet and exercise in coronary risk reduction
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Not started - 189
Locate atrioventricular and semilunar valves
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Not started - 190
Identify valve categories in a prepared-heart photograph
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Not started - 191
Explain the different ventricular wall thicknesses
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Not started - 192
Explain why atrial walls are thinner than ventricular walls
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Not started - 193
Explain how the septum separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
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Not started - 194
Coordinate contraction and valve action in a cardiac cycle
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Not started - 195
Explain why activity increases heart rate
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Not started - 196
Compare artery vein and capillary structure
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Not started - 197
Explain how venous valves prevent backflow
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Not started - 198
State the exchange functions of capillaries
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Not started - 199
Identify the main vessels connected to the heart
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Not started - 200
Trace pulmonary vessels between heart and lungs
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Not started - 201
Identify renal artery and renal vein routes
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Not started - 202
Identify main vessels in a whole-body anatomical image
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Not started - 203
Relate arterial wall structure to blood pressure
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Not started - 204
Relate venous structure to low-pressure return
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Not started - 205
Explain capillary adaptations for efficient exchange
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Not started - 206
Identify the three liver blood-vessel routes
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Not started - 207
Recognise hepatic vessels in a published liver image
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Not started - 208
List the four main components of blood
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Not started - 209
Identify red and white blood cells in diagrams
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Not started - 210
Identify red and white cells in a blood photomicrograph
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Not started - 211
Explain oxygen transport by red blood cells
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Not started - 212
State the defence functions of white blood cells
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Not started - 213
Explain the role of platelets in clotting
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Not started - 214
Explain all six required plasma transport roles
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Not started - 215
Explain why clotting limits blood loss and pathogen entry
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Not started - 216
Identify lymphocytes and phagocytes in diagrams
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Not started - 217
Recognise lymphocytes and phagocytes in photomicrographs
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Not started - 218
Explain antibody production by lymphocytes
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Not started - 219
Explain engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis
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Not started - 220
Describe fibrinogen conversion during clotting
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Not started - 221
Explain how a fibrin mesh helps seal a damaged site
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Not started - 222
Define a pathogen using disease causation
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Not started - 223
Distinguish transmissible disease from other illness
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Not started - 224
Trace direct contact through blood and body fluids
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Not started - 225
Explain indirect spread through surfaces and air
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Not started - 226
Trace transmission through food water and animals
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Not started - 227
Describe skin and nose hairs as body defences
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Not started - 228
Explain mucus stomach acid and white-cell defence
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Not started - 229
Explain clean water supply and sewage treatment
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Not started - 230
Explain hygienic food preparation and personal hygiene
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Not started - 231
Explain waste disposal in disease control
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Not started - 232
Explain active immunity through antibody production
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Not started - 233
Use antigen shapes to explain antibody specificity
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Not started - 234
Explain antibody binding and pathogen destruction
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Not started - 235
Explain active immunity after infection or vaccination
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Not started - 236
Outline vaccination and memory-cell production
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Not started - 237
Explain vaccination as a control of disease spread
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Not started - 238
Explain passive immunity across the placenta
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Not started - 239
Explain breast milk and passive protection in infants
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Not started - 240
Compare active and passive immunity by source and memory
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Not started - 241
Describe cholera and its contaminated-water route
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Not started - 242
Explain cholera toxin and chloride secretion
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Not started - 243
Explain osmotic diarrhoea dehydration and ion loss
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Not started - 244
Describe large area and thin gas-exchange surfaces
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Not started - 245
Describe blood supply and ventilation at alveoli
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Not started - 246
Identify larynx trachea bronchi and bronchioles in a diagram
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Not started - 247
Identify lungs ribs intercostal muscles and diaphragm in a diagram
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Not started - 248
Identify alveoli and their associated capillaries in a diagram
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Not started - 249
Identify major respiratory organs in a published image
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Not started - 250
Identify ribs and intercostal muscles in a published image
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Not started - 251
Identify bronchioles alveoli and capillaries in a published image
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Not started - 252
Use limewater to test for carbon dioxide
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Not started - 253
Plan a fair inspired and expired air comparison
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Not started - 254
Interpret repeated limewater cloudiness timings
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Not started - 255
Compare oxygen and carbon dioxide in inspired and expired air
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Not started - 256
Compare water vapour in inspired and expired air
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Not started - 257
Calculate breathing rate from timed counts
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Not started - 258
Read breathing depth and rate from a volume trace
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Not started - 259
Investigate activity effects and breathing recovery
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Not started - 260
Identify internal and external intercostal layers in a diagram
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Not started - 261
Identify intercostal layers in a published thorax image
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Not started - 262
Explain how tracheal cartilage keeps the airway open
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Not started - 263
Explain inspiration through thorax volume and pressure
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Not started - 264
Distinguish quiet and forced expiration
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Not started - 265
Evaluate a bell-jar ventilation model
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Not started - 266
Explain oxygen and carbon dioxide changes through respiration
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Not started - 267
Explain how moist surfaces change expired air
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Not started - 268
Explain activity carbon dioxide and breathing control
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Not started - 269
Explain goblet cells mucus and cilia in airway protection
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Not started - 270
Connect respiration energy with movement and transport
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Not started - 271
Connect respiration energy with growth and cell control
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Not started - 272
Plan a controlled yeast temperature investigation
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Not started - 273
Interpret yeast temperature and gas-rate data
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Not started - 274
Evaluate repeat yeast trials and rate uncertainty
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Not started - 275
Define aerobic respiration in cells
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Not started - 276
Separate respiration breathing and photosynthesis
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Not started - 277
Use the aerobic respiration word equation
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Not started - 278
Balance the aerobic respiration chemical equation
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Not started - 279
Apply aerobic equation amount ratios
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Not started - 280
Define anaerobic respiration without oxygen use
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Not started - 281
Compare energy release per glucose molecule
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Not started - 282
Use the yeast anaerobic word equation
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Not started - 283
Interpret yeast gas evidence and fermentation contexts
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Not started - 284
Use the muscle anaerobic word equation
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Not started - 285
Balance the yeast anaerobic chemical equation
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Not started - 286
Apply yeast equation amount ratios
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Not started - 287
Explain lactic acid accumulation and oxygen debt
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Not started - 288
Explain all three parts of oxygen debt removal
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Not started - 289
Interpret exercise recovery data within the model
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Not started - 290
Describe a drug by its effect on body chemistry
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Not started - 291
Interpret a model drug effect on a chemical reaction
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Not started - 292
Describe antibiotics as treatments for bacterial infections
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Not started - 293
Distinguish antibiotic targets from viruses
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Not started - 294
Describe antibiotic resistance in bacteria
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Not started - 295
Calculate survival in a model antibiotic exposure
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Not started - 296
Apply a stated antibiotic response table
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Not started - 297
Connect the four Core drug requirements
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Not started - 298
Explain selection of resistant bacteria
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Not started - 299
Explain why antibiotics should be used only when essential
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Not started - 300
Use MRSA as an example of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
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Not started - 301
Interpret selection and reproduction in bacterial count data
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Not started - 302
Locate all ten flower structures in a cutaway model
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Not started - 303
Explain anther and filament functions within a stamen
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Not started - 304
Explain stigma style ovary and ovule functions within a carpel
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Not started - 305
Connect sepal and petal structure with their functions
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Not started - 306
Draw and label the required flower structures
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Not started - 307
Identify visible structures in a numbered flower photograph
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Not started - 308
Identify ovary and ovules in a real cut-section photograph
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Not started - 309
Identify exposed hanging anthers in a wind-flower photograph
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Not started - 310
Identify feathery stigmas in a wind-flower photograph
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Not started - 311
Compare insect-carried and wind-carried pollen grains
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Not started - 312
Define pollination as transfer from anther to stigma
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Not started - 313
Locate fertilisation inside an ovule
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Not started - 314
Explain insect-flower adaptations through visitor contact
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Not started - 315
Explain wind-flower adaptations through release and interception
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Not started - 316
Compare insect and wind flowers using matched functions
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Not started - 317
Describe the three required conditions for seed germination
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Not started - 318
Plan a controlled water requirement investigation
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Not started - 319
Plan a controlled oxygen requirement investigation
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Not started - 320
Investigate suitable temperature using repeated seed counts
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Not started - 321
Interpret germination data with correct denominators and limits
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Not started - 322
Evaluate a germination investigation before drawing conclusions
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Not started - 323
Define self-pollination using the identity of the plant
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Not started - 324
Define cross-pollination using different same-species plants
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Not started - 325
Discuss potential variation after self and cross pollination
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Not started - 326
Connect population variation with changing environments
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Not started - 327
Discuss reliance on pollinators for self and cross routes
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Not started - 328
Discuss all three population effects of self and cross pollination
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Not started - 329
Trace pollen-tube growth from stigma through style
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Not started - 330
Connect pollen-tube entry into an ovule with fertilisation
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Not started - 331
Identify the six required male reproductive structures
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Not started - 332
Explain testis and scrotum functions
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Not started - 333
Trace sperm transport and prostate fluid addition
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Not started - 334
Distinguish the shared urethra from sperm ducts and ureters
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Not started - 335
Identify the five required female reproductive structures
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Not started - 336
Distinguish egg production from oviduct transport
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Not started - 337
Explain uterus cervix and vagina functions
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Not started - 338
Compare male and female reproductive organ routes
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Not started - 339
Describe human fertilisation as gamete nuclear fusion
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Not started - 340
Order gamete transport fertilisation and later development
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Not started - 341
Explain flagellum mitochondria and acrosome adaptations
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Not started - 342
Evaluate sperm structure and function explanations
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Not started - 343
Explain egg energy stores and the changing jelly coat
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Not started - 344
Distinguish egg coat change from sperm acrosome action
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Not started - 345
Compare sperm and egg size structure motility and numbers
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Not started - 346
Interpret gamete counts and comparison evidence
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Not started - 347
Trace zygote division into an early embryo
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Not started - 348
Locate early embryo implantation in the uterine lining
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Not started - 349
Identify placenta umbilical cord amniotic sac and fluid
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Not started - 350
Distinguish the placenta from the umbilical cord
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Not started - 351
Explain amniotic sac and fluid functions
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Not started - 352
Explain the sequence from zygote to fetal support
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Not started - 353
Explain nutrient gas and waste exchange at the placenta
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Not started - 354
Trace fetal blood between placenta and fetus
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Not started - 355
Interpret a bounded placental exchange model
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Not started - 356
Explain how some pathogens and toxins can cross the placenta
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Not started - 357
Distinguish secondary sexual characteristics from reproductive organs
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Not started - 358
Explain testosterone in secondary sexual development
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Not started - 359
Explain oestrogen in secondary sexual development
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Not started - 360
Compare testosterone and oestrogen explanations at puberty
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Not started - 361
Describe follicle development ovulation and the corpus luteum
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Not started - 362
Describe shedding rebuilding and maintenance of the uterine lining
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Not started - 363
Match ovarian events with changes in the uterine lining
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Not started - 364
Interpret cycle length and event timing without fixed-day assumptions
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Not started - 365
Locate oestrogen production through the ovarian cycle
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Not started - 366
Locate progesterone production after ovulation
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Not started - 367
Describe changing oestrogen and progesterone sources in pregnancy
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Not started - 368
Explain FSH action on developing ovarian follicles
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Not started - 369
Explain the LH surge ovulation and corpus luteum formation
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Not started - 370
Explain oestrogen rebuilding and changing pituitary feedback
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Not started - 371
Explain progesterone lining maintenance and pituitary inhibition
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Not started - 372
Explain the four-hormone sequence in a non-pregnant cycle
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Not started - 373
Read the order of peaks on an illustrative hormone graph
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Not started - 374
Calculate a model progesterone change and explain its limits
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Not started - 375
Explain continued hormone support during pregnancy
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Not started - 376
Repair explanations of cycle hormones and pregnancy support
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Not started - 377
Identify the Sun as the principal energy source
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Not started - 378
Trace light energy into a living organism
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Not started - 379
Locate chemical energy in an organism
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Not started - 380
Follow chemical energy during feeding
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Not started - 381
Connect chemical energy with processes in organisms
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Not started - 382
Explain energy transfer to the environment
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Not started - 383
Build a labelled energy-flow pathway
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Not started - 384
Interpret energy-flow evidence without overclaiming
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Not started - 385
Build a food chain and read its arrows
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Not started - 386
Distinguish producers from consumers
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Not started - 387
Name consumer types and positions
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Not started - 388
Read a food web as connected chains
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Not started - 389
Explain the role of decomposers
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Not started - 390
Trace human impacts through a food web
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Not started - 391
Draw and interpret a pyramid of numbers
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Not started - 392
Construct a pyramid of biomass
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Not started - 393
Compare biomass and numbers pyramids
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Not started - 394
Identify trophic levels in chains and webs
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Not started - 395
Draw and interpret an energy pyramid
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Not started - 396
Choose energy, biomass or numbers pyramids
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Not started - 397
Explain inefficient energy transfer
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Not started - 398
Explain why most chains have fewer than five levels
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Not started - 399
Compare direct crop eating with livestock
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Not started - 400
Map carbon through a cycle
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Not started - 401
Fix carbon dioxide by photosynthesis
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Not started - 402
Return carbon by respiration
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Not started - 403
Transfer carbon by feeding
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Not started - 404
Return carbon by decomposition
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Not started - 405
Connect fossil fuels and combustion to carbon
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Not started - 406
Fix atmospheric nitrogen
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Not started - 407
Decompose proteins to ammonium ions
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Not started - 408
Nitrify ammonium into nitrate
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Not started - 409
Absorb nitrate and build plant proteins
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Not started - 410
Transfer nitrogen through feeding and digestion
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Not started - 411
Deaminate excess amino acids
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Not started - 412
Return nitrate to atmospheric nitrogen
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Not started - 413
Describe biodiversity and habitat loss
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Not started - 414
Trace human effects through food webs
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Not started - 415
Explain effects of deforestation
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Not started - 416
Describe sustainable resources and resource management
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Not started - 417
Explain why species become endangered or extinct
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Not started - 418
Describe methods for conserving endangered species
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Not started - 419
Manage forests and fish stocks sustainably
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Not started - 420
Explain why conservation programmes are needed
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Not started - 421
Use captive breeding and protect genetic variation
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Not started - 422
Particles, states and changes of state
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Not started - 423
Heating curves and gas-particle explanations
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Not started - 424
Diffusion and random particle motion
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Not started - 425
Gas diffusion and relative molecular mass
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Not started - 426
Elements, compounds and mixtures
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Not started - 427
Atomic structure, shells and the Periodic Table
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Not started - 428
Isotopes and atomic symbols
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Not started - 429
Isotope abundances and relative atomic mass
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Not started - 430
Group I and VII ions and ionic bonding
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Not started - 431
Ionic lattices and multicharged ions
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Not started - 432
Shared pairs and simple covalent molecules
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Not started - 433
Multiple covalent bonds and molecular properties
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Not started - 434
Diamond and graphite: structure and uses
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Not started - 435
Silicon dioxide and giant covalent networks
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Not started - 436
Metallic bonding, conduction and shaping
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Not started - 437
Reading formulas and building a formula notebook
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Not started - 438
Balancing equations and using state symbols
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Not started - 439
Empirical ratios and ionic formulas
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Not started - 440
Ionic equations and spectator ions
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Not started - 441
Relative atomic, molecular and formula masses
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Not started - 442
Reacting masses by simple proportions
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Not started - 443
Concentration units and solution volume
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Not started - 444
Moles, molar mass and particle counts
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Not started - 445
Stoichiometric ratios and limiting reactants
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Not started - 446
Gas volumes at room temperature and pressure
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Not started - 447
Solution concentrations and titration calculations
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Not started - 448
Empirical and molecular formulas from data
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Not started - 449
Percentage yield, composition and purity
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Not started - 450
Electrolysis and molten binary compounds
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Not started - 451
Aqueous electrolysis: brine and dilute acid
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Not started - 452
Charge transfer and electrode half-equations
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Not started - 453
Electroplating a metal object
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Not started - 454
Copper sulfate: inert and copper electrodes
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Not started - 455
Predicting aqueous halide electrode products
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Not started - 456
Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells and useful electricity
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Not started - 457
Fuel cells compared with petrol engines
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Not started - 458
Exothermic and endothermic energy transfers
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Not started - 459
Enthalpy change and activation-energy diagrams
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Not started - 460
Bond breaking, bond making and enthalpy estimates
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Not started - 461
Physical and chemical changes: use particle identity
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Not started - 462
Reaction rate factors and catalysts
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Not started - 463
Measuring rates and reading reaction graphs
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Not started - 464
Collision theory and activation-barrier changes
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Not started - 465
Evaluating gas-volume and mass-loss rate methods
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Not started - 466
Reversible reactions and hydrated salts
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Not started - 467
Dynamic equilibrium and changing conditions
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Not started - 468
The Haber process: ammonia and a practical compromise
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Not started - 469
The Contact process: sulfur trioxide and condition choices
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Not started - 470
Redox through oxygen transfer and Roman numerals
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Not started - 471
Electron transfer and oxidation-number changes
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Not started - 472
Oxidising agents, reducing agents and colour evidence
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Not started - 473
Acid reactions: choose the salt and the other products
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Not started - 474
Bases, alkalis and the neutralisation equation
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Not started - 475
Indicators and pH: compare aqueous solutions
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Not started - 476
Proton transfer and strong versus weak acids
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Not started - 477
Acidic and basic oxides: connect behaviour with elements
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Not started - 478
Amphoteric oxides: reactions on both sides
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Not started - 479
Solubility rules: check the family and the exception
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Not started - 480
Soluble salts from excess insoluble reactants
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Not started - 481
Soluble salts from acid–alkali titration
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Not started - 482
Hydrated and anhydrous substances
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Not started - 483
Insoluble salts by precipitation
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Not started - 484
Water of crystallisation and hydrate formulas
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Not started - 485
Periodic position, outer electrons and ion predictions
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Not started - 486
Reading supplied group trends without inventing exact values
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Not started - 487
Group I metals: trends and careful predictions
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Not started - 488
Halogens: appearance, molecules and group trends
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Not started - 489
Halogen displacement: use the reactivity order
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Not started - 490
Transition elements: typical properties and catalyst roles
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Not started - 491
Variable oxidation numbers: iron(II) and iron(III)
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Not started - 492
Noble gases: full shells and separate atoms
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Not started - 493
Metal properties and reaction patterns
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Not started - 494
Choosing aluminium and copper for their uses
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Not started - 495
Alloys: composition, diagrams and useful properties
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Not started - 496
Why different-sized atoms can strengthen an alloy
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Not started - 497
The reactivity series: water, steam and dilute acid
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Not started - 498
Deducing reactivity from supplied experimental results
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Not started - 499
Metal displacement and positive-ion formation
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Not started - 500
Aluminium's oxide layer and apparent unreactivity
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Not started - 501
Rusting: required conditions and barrier methods
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Not started - 502
Galvanising and sacrificial protection
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Not started - 503
Choosing an extraction route from reactivity
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Not started - 504
The blast furnace: explain each material's role
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Not started - 505
Blast-furnace equations and oxygen accounting
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Not started - 506
Aluminium electrolysis: cryolite and changing carbon anodes
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Not started - 507
Testing for water: identify the colour change
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Not started - 508
Water purity and why laboratories use distilled water
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Not started - 509
Natural water: useful substances and harmful contamination
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Not started - 510
Domestic water treatment: give each stage its job
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Not started - 511
Fertilisers: ammonium salts, nitrates and NPK
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Not started - 512
Clean dry air: composition and approximate proportions
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Not started - 513
Air pollutants: connect each source with its effect
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Not started - 514
Reducing climate change and acid-rain emissions
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Not started - 515
Photosynthesis: reactants, products and light energy
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Not started - 516
The greenhouse effect: absorption, emission and energy balance
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Not started - 517
Engine nitrogen oxides and catalytic-converter reactions
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Not started - 518
Photosynthesis: balance the symbol equation and quantities
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Not started - 519
Displayed formulas: show every atom and every bond
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Not started - 520
General formulas, functional groups and chemical families
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Not started - 521
Saturated and unsaturated: inspect carbon–carbon bonds
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Not started - 522
Structural formulas and structural isomers
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Not started - 523
Homologous series: successive members and physical trends
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Not started - 524
Fossil fuels, hydrocarbons and petroleum mixtures
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Not started - 525
Fractional distillation: temperature and petroleum trends
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Not started - 526
Petroleum fractions: match all eight required uses
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Not started - 527
Alkanes: single bonds, combustion and reaction limits
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Not started - 528
Chlorine substitution: ultraviolet light and one replacement
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Not started - 529
Alkenes and the aqueous bromine test
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Not started - 530
Cracking: smaller molecules, conditions and demand
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Not started - 531
Alkene addition: bromine, hydrogen and steam products
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Not started - 532
Ethanol from fermentation: glucose, yeast and conditions
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Not started - 533
Ethanol from ethene: steam, pressure and acid catalyst
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Not started - 534
Ethanol combustion and its solvent and fuel uses
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Not started - 535
Compare fermentation and catalytic ethene hydration
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Not started - 536
Ethanoic acid reactions: name and formulate the salts
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Not started - 537
Oxidising ethanol to ethanoic acid and vinegar
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Not started - 538
Esterification: connect the acid and alcohol parts
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Not started - 539
Organic names and reaction products: read the complete structure
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Not started - 540
Four-carbon naming: double-bond and alcohol positions
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Not started - 541
Name and display esters from four-carbon starting molecules
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Not started - 542
Polymers and polyethene: many monomers, one long chain
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Not started - 543
Plastics: useful properties and disposal consequences
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Not started - 544
Addition repeats: deduce the monomer and retain side groups
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Not started - 545
Polyamides and nylon: monomers, links and water loss
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Not started - 546
Polyesters and PET: ester links and return to monomers
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Not started - 547
Proteins: amino acids and natural polyamide links
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Not started - 548
Choose measuring apparatus for the quantity and purpose
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Not started - 549
Design fair comparisons and evaluate measurement methods
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Not started - 550
Solution vocabulary and saturation at a stated temperature
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Not started - 551
Acid-base titration: aliquot, burette and endpoint
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Not started - 552
Burette readings, titres and comparable repeats
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Not started - 553
Paper chromatography: separate and compare coloured solutes
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Not started - 554
Colourless chromatography and retention-factor calculations
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Not started - 555
Select a solvent and filter an insoluble residue
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Not started - 556
Crystallisation: concentrate, cool and recover the solid
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Not started - 557
Distillation: collect a solvent and separate liquid mixtures
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Not started - 558
Melting and boiling data: identify and assess purity
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Not started - 559
Carbonate and halide tests: reagent then observation
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Not started - 560
Nitrate, sulfate and sulfite: distinguish three similar names
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Not started - 561
White cation precipitates and the separate ammonium gas test
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Not started - 562
Coloured cation precipitates: chromium, copper and iron
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Not started - 563
Gas identification: six tests and six specific observations
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Not started - 564
Flame tests: six metal-ion colours and contamination limits
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Not started - 565
Measure lengths from two ruler readings
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Not started - 566
Read liquid volumes and find displacement volumes
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Not started - 567
Measure short lengths by taking multiples
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Not started - 568
Time intervals and repeated pendulum oscillations
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Not started - 569
Distinguish scalar and vector quantities
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Not started - 570
Find perpendicular force and velocity resultants
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Not started - 571
Calculate speed and specify velocity direction
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Not started - 572
Find whole-journey average speed including stops
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Not started - 573
Plot distance-time graphs and calculate straight gradients
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Not started - 574
Recognise changing speed on curved distance-time graphs
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Not started - 575
Plot speed-time graphs and identify motion states
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Not started - 576
Find distance from areas under speed-time graphs
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Not started - 577
Recognise near-Earth free-fall acceleration
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Not started - 578
Calculate acceleration and signed deceleration
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Not started - 579
Calculate acceleration from speed-time gradients
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Not started - 580
Distinguish constant and changing acceleration
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Not started - 581
Explain falling motion and terminal velocity
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Not started - 582
Distinguish mass from gravitational weight
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Not started - 583
Calculate weight mass and gravitational field strength
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Not started - 584
Determine field strength from weight-mass data
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Not started - 585
Connect gravitational field strength with free-fall acceleration
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Not started - 586
Compare masses and weights using a balance
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Not started - 587
Explain weight as the effect of a gravitational field
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Not started - 588
Explain density as mass per unit volume
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Not started - 589
Rearrange density equations and convert cubic units
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Not started - 590
Determine density of regularly shaped solids
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Not started - 591
Determine density of sinking irregular solids
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Not started - 592
Determine liquid density with an empty-container correction
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Not started - 593
Predict floating and sinking from object density
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Not started - 594
Order immiscible liquids by density
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Not started - 595
Evaluate density methods and systematic errors
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Not started - 596
Explain stretching compression bending and twisting
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Not started - 597
Measure extension in a supervised spring experiment
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Not started - 598
Plot and interpret load-extension data
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Not started - 599
Combine forces along the same straight line
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Not started - 600
Connect zero resultant force with unchanged velocity
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Not started - 601
Explain how a resultant changes speed or direction
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Not started - 602
Describe solid friction and the heating it can produce
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Not started - 603
Recognise drag in liquids and gases
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Not started - 604
Calculate spring constant using force and extension
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Not started - 605
Identify the limit of proportionality on a spring graph
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Not started - 606
Calculate acceleration from the resultant force
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Not started - 607
Find the force or mass needed for a specified acceleration
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Not started - 608
Explain inward force and tangent velocity in circular motion
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Not started - 609
Compare force speed radius and mass in maintained circular motion
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Not started - 610
Explain moments and everyday turning effects
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Not started - 611
Calculate moments using perpendicular distance
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Not started - 612
Balance a beam with one force on each side
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Not started - 613
Convert hanging masses into balancing weights
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Not started - 614
Require both force and moment balance for equilibrium
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Not started - 615
Find the pivot support force on a balanced beam
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Not started - 616
Balance several forces and an off-centre beam weight
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Not started - 617
Test moment balance in a supervised ruler experiment
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Not started - 618
Define centre of gravity and locate a weight line
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Not started - 619
Locate the centre of gravity of an irregular lamina by suspension
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Not started - 620
Explain stability using the weight line and tipping edge
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Not started - 621
Compare low centres of gravity and broad bases
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Not started - 622
Calculate momentum with signed velocity
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Not started - 623
Calculate momentum changes including rebounds
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Not started - 624
Calculate impulse from force and duration
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Not started - 625
Find average force and contact time from impulse
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Not started - 626
Choose a system and state momentum conservation conditions
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Not started - 627
Solve one-dimensional collisions when objects stick
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Not started - 628
Solve separate final velocities from a supplied collision outcome
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Not started - 629
Explain recoil when an initially resting system separates
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Not started - 630
Relate momentum change per unit time to resultant force
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Not started - 631
Compare stopping times and average forces
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Not started - 632
Identify the seven syllabus energy stores
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Not started - 633
Describe energy-store changes in everyday processes
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Not started - 634
Distinguish mechanical and electrical energy transfers
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Not started - 635
Follow heating and wave energy transfers
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Not started - 636
Apply energy conservation with a stated system
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Not started - 637
Interpret simple energy flow diagrams
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Not started - 638
Calculate kinetic energy from mass and speed
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Not started - 639
Find mass or speed from a kinetic-energy value
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Not started - 640
Calculate gravitational potential energy changes
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Not started - 641
Find height changes and compare gravitational energy accounts
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Not started - 642
Conserve energy through multiple stages
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Not started - 643
Interpret and complete quantitative Sankey diagrams
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Not started - 644
Relate mechanical and electrical work to energy transferred
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Not started - 645
Calculate work from force and aligned distance
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Not started - 646
Find force or distance from a work requirement
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Not started - 647
Trace useful energy from fossil fuels
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Not started - 648
Explain useful energy from biofuels
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Not started - 649
Trace energy through a hydroelectric dam
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Not started - 650
Distinguish wave and tidal energy generation
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Not started - 651
Explain geothermal heating and electricity
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Not started - 652
Trace electricity generation from nuclear fuel
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Not started - 653
Explain electricity generation by solar cells
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Not started - 654
Explain solar water-heating panels
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Not started - 655
Trace wind energy into electrical output
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Not started - 656
Compare resources using five separate factors
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Not started - 657
Explain useful and dispersed energy qualitatively
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Not started - 658
Trace solar origins and the three resource exceptions
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Not started - 659
Explain solar fusion and research toward fusion electricity
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Not started - 660
Calculate efficiency using useful energy output
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Not started - 661
Calculate efficiency using power and complete stage chains
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Not started - 662
Define power as energy transfer per unit time
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Not started - 663
Convert units and rearrange power calculations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 664
Calculate power for a specified mechanical-work task
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Not started - 665
Define and calculate force per unit area
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Not started - 666
Convert areas and rearrange pressure calculations
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Not started - 667
Explain everyday changes in contact pressure
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Not started - 668
Compare liquid pressure by depth and density
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Not started - 669
Distinguish liquid depth from container shape and route length
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Not started - 670
Calculate liquid-pressure changes from vertical depth
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Not started - 671
Find depth or density from a liquid-pressure difference
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 672
Compare liquid-pressure changes across stated layers
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Not started - 673
Distinguish solid liquid and gas properties
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Not started - 674
Classify grains droplets and trapped gas
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Not started - 675
Name the required changes of state
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Not started - 676
Trace a sequence of physical state changes
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Not started - 677
Represent vibrating particles in a solid
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Not started - 678
Explain liquid flow with close mobile particles
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Not started - 679
Explain gas spreading and compression
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Not started - 680
Construct and critique simple particle diagrams
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 681
Relate temperature to particle motion and absolute zero
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 682
Explain gas pressure through surface collisions
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Not started - 683
Explain Brownian motion as particle-model evidence
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Not started - 684
Connect state properties to particle forces and distances
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 685
Connect gas collisions to wall force per unit area
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Not started - 686
Distinguish Brownian grains from atoms and molecules
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Not started - 687
Explain heating a fixed gas mass at constant volume
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Not started - 688
Explain gas compression at constant temperature
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Not started - 689
Convert between Celsius and kelvin temperatures
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Not started - 690
Distinguish temperature readings differences and ratios
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 691
Use the constant pressure-volume product
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 692
Use absolute gas pressure and consistent units
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 693
Plot and interpret the inverse pressure-volume curve
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 694
Check pressure-volume data and model conditions
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Not started - 695
Describe thermal expansion at constant pressure
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 696
Explain expansion gaps and restrained structures
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Not started - 697
Use expansion in thermometers and bimetal devices
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Not started - 698
Explain relative expansion through particle motion and arrangement
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Not started - 699
Relate a temperature rise to internal energy
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 700
Distinguish temperature readings from energy amounts
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 701
Explain warming through average particle kinetic energy
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Not started - 702
Define specific heat capacity and calculate energy changes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 703
Rearrange heat capacity equations and interpret cooling
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 704
Separate heater input from the sample energy gain
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 705
Describe a solid specific heat capacity experiment
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 706
Describe a liquid specific heat capacity experiment
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 707
Interpret melting and boiling on a heating curve
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 708
State water's melting and boiling reference temperatures
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 709
Explain condensation and solidification using particles
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 710
Explain evaporation from a liquid surface
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 711
Explain why evaporation cools a liquid
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Not started - 712
Compare boiling with surface evaporation
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Not started - 713
Explain temperature area and airflow effects on evaporation
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Not started - 714
Plan and interpret controlled evaporation measurements
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Not started - 715
Explain cooling of an object touching an evaporating liquid
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Not started - 716
Compare conducting rods with matched indicators
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 717
Compare solid layers in a controlled conduction test
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 718
Explain conduction through lattice vibrations
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Not started - 719
Explain the electron contribution in metal conduction
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 720
Explain poor conduction in gases and most liquids
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Not started - 721
Recognise intermediate thermal conduction in solids
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 722
Distinguish convection from conduction in fluids
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 723
Explain natural convection using density changes
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Not started - 724
Describe a water convection demonstration
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Not started - 725
Describe an air convection demonstration
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Not started - 726
Recognise infrared thermal radiation from objects
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 727
Explain thermal radiation through a vacuum
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 728
Compare infrared absorption emission and reflection by surfaces
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 729
Explain steady temperature through balanced energy rates
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 730
Predict warming and cooling from unequal energy rates
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Not started - 731
Explain Earth temperature through radiation balance
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Not started - 732
Describe a controlled infrared emission experiment
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 733
Describe a controlled infrared absorption experiment
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Not started - 734
Explain temperature and area effects on infrared emission rate
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Not started - 735
Explain thermal transfer through a kitchen pan
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Not started - 736
Explain room heating by convection
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Not started - 737
Trace multiple thermal routes from a wood or coal fire
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 738
Explain thermal transfer through a car radiator
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 739
Track wave energy without carrying the medium along
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 740
Describe wave motion in ropes and springs
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 741
Observe water wave motion in a ripple tank
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 742
Read crests troughs amplitude and wavelength
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 743
Identify wavefronts frequency and propagation speed
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 744
Calculate wave speed with consistent wavelength units
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 745
Rearrange wave speed equations and check supplied data
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 746
Compare transverse wave models and vibration directions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 747
Read longitudinal compressions and rarefactions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 748
Explain reflection of waves at a plane surface
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Not started - 749
Explain refraction through a change of wave speed
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Not started - 750
Describe diffraction through a narrow gap
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Not started - 751
Describe a ripple tank reflection experiment
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Not started - 752
Describe ripple tank refraction across a depth change
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 753
Describe a ripple tank gap diffraction experiment
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Not started - 754
Describe a ripple tank edge diffraction experiment
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Not started - 755
Compare wavelength and gap size in diffraction
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 756
Compare wavelength effects at a diffraction edge
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 757
Measure reflection angles from the normal
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 758
Apply the law of reflection at a plane mirror
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 759
Describe the image formed by a plane mirror
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 760
Construct plane-mirror images from reflected rays
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 761
Measure and calculate plane-mirror constructions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 762
Measure light refraction angles at a boundary
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 763
Describe a rectangular-block refraction experiment
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Not started - 764
Describe refraction with a semicircular block
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Not started - 765
Trace light through a parallel-sided transparent block
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 766
Explain normal-incidence light transmission
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Not started - 767
Define the critical angle for light
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Not started - 768
Explain internal reflection and total internal reflection
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Not started - 769
Calculate refractive index from light speeds
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 770
Use the sine ratio for light refraction
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 771
Calculate critical angle and refractive index
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Not started - 772
Explain optical fibres in telecommunications
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Not started - 773
Compare converging and diverging lenses on parallel beams
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Not started - 774
Locate principal axis focus and focal length
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 775
Construct a real image with a converging lens
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 776
Compare real lens-image size and position
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 777
Distinguish virtual lens images from screen projections
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 778
Construct a virtual image with a converging lens
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 779
Use a single converging lens as a magnifying glass
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Not started - 780
Explain diverging-lens correction of short-sightedness
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Not started - 781
Explain converging-lens correction of long-sightedness
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Not started - 782
Explain white-light dispersion by a glass prism
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Not started - 783
Order visible colours by wavelength and frequency
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 784
Distinguish monochromatic light from a white-light spectrum
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 785
Order the electromagnetic spectrum by frequency and wavelength
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Not started - 786
Compare electromagnetic travel in vacuum with sound
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Not started - 787
Explain radio broadcasting astronomy and RFID
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Not started - 788
Explain microwave communication and oven heating
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Not started - 789
Explain infrared heating sensing and short-range links
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Not started - 790
Explain visible light in vision photography and illumination
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Not started - 791
Explain ultraviolet security marking and water sterilisation
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Not started - 792
Explain X-ray medical and security scanning
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Not started - 793
Explain gamma-ray sterilisation cancer detection and treatment
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Not started - 794
Distinguish microwave and infrared heating hazards
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 795
Explain ultraviolet X-ray and gamma-ray cell damage
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Not started - 796
Compare low-orbit and geostationary satellite communication
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Not started - 797
Calculate electromagnetic travel using the vacuum speed
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 798
Explain wireless and optical-fibre communication choices
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Not started - 799
Distinguish analogue and digital signals
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Not started - 800
Represent sound as analogue and digital information
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 801
Explain digital regeneration transmission rate and range
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Not started - 802
Explain sound production by vibrating sources
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Not started - 803
Describe sound as a longitudinal disturbance
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Not started - 804
Use the approximate human audible frequency range
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Not started - 805
Explain why sound needs a material medium
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Not started - 806
Use the approximate speed of sound in air
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Not started - 807
Measure sound speed using a synchronised visible event
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 808
Measure sound speed using two microphones
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 809
Compare sound amplitude loudness frequency and pitch
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 810
Explain echoes as reflected sound
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Not started - 811
Define ultrasound using the frequency boundary
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Not started - 812
Describe sound compressions and rarefactions
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Not started - 813
Compare sound speeds in solids liquids and gases
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Not started - 814
Use ultrasound echoes for non-destructive material testing
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Not started - 815
Explain ultrasound scanning of soft tissue
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Not started - 816
Calculate sonar depth and distinguish total path from distance
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 817
Identify positive negative and neutral charge from particle balance
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 818
Predict forces between charged objects
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 819
Produce electrostatic charge by friction in a controlled test
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 820
Detect electrostatic charge with an electroscope
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 821
Explain electron transfer when solids are rubbed
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Not started - 822
Conserve charge during isolated electron transfer
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 823
Test electrical conductors and insulators with a complete circuit
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 824
Explain conduction and insulation using a simple electron model
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Not started - 825
Classify typical conductors and insulators without confusing magnetism
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 826
Use coulombs and signed charge prefixes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 827
Define an electric field by its force on charge
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 828
Determine electric field direction using a positive test charge
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 829
Draw electric field patterns around point charges
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 830
Draw the field around an isolated charged conducting sphere
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 831
Draw the uniform field between oppositely charged parallel plates
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 832
Relate electric current to charge flow
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 833
Read an analogue ammeter using its selected range
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 834
Use a digital ammeter and choose a suitable range
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 835
Explain metallic current as moving free electrons
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Not started - 836
Distinguish direct and alternating current
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Not started - 837
Calculate current from charge passing a point
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 838
Find transferred charge and time from current
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 839
Interpret average current across changing intervals
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 840
Distinguish conventional current and electron flow
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 841
Define electromotive force as source work per unit charge
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 842
State and interpret volts for electromotive force
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Not started - 843
Define potential difference across a component
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 844
Distinguish voltage from charge current and total energy
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Not started - 845
Read an analogue voltmeter on the chosen scale
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Not started - 846
Use a digital voltmeter with a suitable parallel connection
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 847
Calculate source work per charge as electromotive force
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 848
Find source work or transferred charge from e.m.f.
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 849
Calculate component potential difference from work and charge
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 850
Compare source and component work accounts for the same charge
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Not started - 851
Calculate resistance from potential difference and current
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 852
Rearrange resistance to find current or potential difference
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 853
Determine resistance with separate current and voltage measurements
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 854
Compare wire resistance when length changes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 855
Compare wire resistance when cross-sectional area changes
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Not started - 856
Sketch and explain a constant-resistance current–voltage graph
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Not started - 857
Explain filament-lamp current–voltage curvature
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Not started - 858
Explain diode current–voltage directionality
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Not started - 859
Read resistance from a specified current–voltage operating point
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Not started - 860
Scale metallic-wire resistance with length
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 861
Scale metallic-wire resistance with cross-sectional area
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 862
Combine length area and diameter changes for a metallic wire
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 863
Trace electrical energy transfer through a circuit
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 864
Calculate electrical power from current and potential difference
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 865
Find operating current or potential difference from electrical power
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 866
Calculate electrical energy using current potential difference and time
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 867
Use consistent time units and changing operating intervals
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 868
Define a kilowatt-hour and convert between energy units
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Not started - 869
Calculate appliance energy costs from kWh tariffs
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 870
Compare multiappliance daily energy and costs
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 871
Read cell and battery symbols with their polarities
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 872
Distinguish power supplies and generators in circuit diagrams
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 873
Draw switches and trace complete circuit paths
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 874
Use fixed resistors variable resistors and heaters
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 875
Interpret an NTC thermistor in a sensing circuit
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 876
Interpret a light dependent resistor and its illumination
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 877
Identify lamps motors and bells as circuit outputs
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 878
Place ammeters and voltmeters in circuit diagrams
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 879
Recognize magnetising coils and transformer connections
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 880
Interpret a fuse as a current controlled circuit interruption
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 881
Use a relay to switch a separate circuit
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 882
Recognize a three terminal potential divider symbol
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 883
Interpret a diode direction in a circuit diagram
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 884
Use an LED with light arrows and current limiting
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 885
Follow the same current around a series circuit
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 886
Construct and redraw series and parallel circuit paths
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 887
Combine the e m f of sources in series
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Not started - 888
Add resistances in one series path
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 889
Compare source and branch currents in parallel
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 890
Compare resistance before and after a parallel branch is added
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Not started - 891
Explain the advantages of parallel lamp connections
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Not started - 892
Calculate missing currents at a circuit junction
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 893
Explain junction current balance using charge conservation
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Not started - 894
Add potential differences across series components
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 895
Use the same potential difference across parallel branches
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Not started - 896
Calculate two resistor parallel equivalents
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Not started - 897
Explain the hazards of damaged electrical insulation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 898
Explain cable overheating and shared-socket overloads
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 899
Explain electrical hazards in damp conditions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 900
Distinguish live neutral and protective earth
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 901
Explain why an appliance switch belongs in live
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Not started - 902
Explain how a fuse interrupts excess current
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Not started - 903
Choose protective ratings from supplied circuit limits
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 904
Distinguish overcurrent trips from residual-current protection
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Not started - 905
Explain how an earthed metal case is protected
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Not started - 906
Explain double insulation and fuse protection without earth
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Not started - 907
Explain a rotating coil alternating-current generator
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Not started - 908
Explain slip rings and stationary generator brushes
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Not started - 909
Explain a rotating magnet generator with a fixed coil
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Not started - 910
Sketch and read a simple generator voltage graph
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 911
Relate generator coil positions to voltage peaks and zeros
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Not started - 912
Read generator periods and compare rotation changes
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Not started - 913
Explain the turning effect on a current-carrying coil
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Not started - 914
Compare factors that increase a coil turning effect
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Not started - 915
Explain split-ring commutation in a simple d.c. motor
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Not started - 916
Distinguish motor commutators from generator slip rings
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 917
Explain motor reversals and energy transfers
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Not started - 918
Name and order the eight Solar System planets
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Not started - 919
Distinguish moons dwarf planets asteroids and comets
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 920
Explain Solar System formation by gravitational accretion
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Not started - 921
Explain why inner and outer planets differ
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Not started - 922
Compare planetary gravity by mass and distance
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Not started - 923
Calculate one-way light travel across the Solar System
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Not started - 924
Calculate request reply and reflection delays in space
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Not started - 925
Explain why planets orbit the massive Sun
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Not started - 926
Locate the Sun at a focus of an elliptical orbit
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Not started - 927
Analyse orbital period distance and density data
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Not started - 928
Interpret planetary temperature and surface gravity data
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Not started - 929
Explain decreasing planetary orbital speeds farther from the Sun
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Not started - 930
Explain changing speed in an elliptical orbit through energy
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Not started - 931
Describe the Sun as a hydrogen and helium star
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Not started - 932
Identify the main regions of solar radiation
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Not started - 933
Explain hydrogen fusion as the stable star energy source
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Not started - 934
Locate the Sun within the Milky Way
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Not started - 935
Define a light-year as a distance
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Not started - 936
Convert light-year distances and signal delays
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Not started - 937
Explain cloud collapse and protostar heating
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Not started - 938
Explain the balance in a stable star
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Not started - 939
Trace fuel depletion into giant stages
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Not started - 940
Trace the planetary nebula and white dwarf branch
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Not started - 941
Trace massive stars through supernova and compact remnants
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Not started - 942
Explain stellar recycling into later stars and planets
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Not started - 943
Compare the Milky Way with the wider Universe
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Not started - 944
Describe redshift as increased observed wavelength
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Not started - 945
Compare matching galaxy and laboratory spectra
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Not started - 946
Explain how redshift supports cosmic expansion
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Not started - 947
Identify the cosmic microwave background
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Not started - 948
Explain the early origin and stretching of the CMBR
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Not started - 949
Infer recession speed from a supplied redshift relation
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Not started - 950
Use a calibrated supernova to estimate galaxy distance
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Not started - 951
Calculate Hubble constant from recession speed and distance
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Not started - 952
Use the syllabus Hubble reference and proportional graph
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Not started - 953
Estimate cosmic age from the reciprocal Hubble constant
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Not started
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