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Cambridge (CIE) · A Level

Biology 9700

Explore cells, life processes, inheritance and ecosystems. Connect biological structures to their functions and interpret evidence from investigations.

277 lessons and reviews2 practice setsSyllabus 2028–2030
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At a glance

What you'll cover

  • Cell structure
  • Biological molecules
  • Enzymes
  • Cell membranes and transport
  • The mitotic cell cycle
  • Nucleic acids and protein synthesis
Explore 13 more areas

Published syllabus exam years: 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029, 2030. Confirm exam-series and centre availability with your school and Cambridge.

Syllabus 2028–2030

Progress through Biology 9700

2028–2030 syllabus · Version 1

44 of 44 sections have teaching and practice

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Study options and assessment

Two hundred and fifty-nine new lessons map every published learning outcome in Cambridge International Biology 9700 Topics 1–19 for exams 2028–2030. Each topic lesson includes guided, independent and transfer practice. Fifteen additional practical-assessment lessons provide online preparation for Paper 3 and Paper 5 practical assessment skills. Online Paper 3 lessons cannot provide supervised laboratory competence. Full timed cumulative exam practice and human subject-teacher review remain outstanding, so this is not exam-readiness evidence.

View syllabus coverage

This progress snapshot maps sections 1.1–1.2, 2.1–2.4, 3.1–3.2, 4.1–4.2, 5.1–5.2, 6.1–6.2, 7.1–7.2, 8.1–8.3, 9.1, 10.1–10.2, 11.1–11.2, 12.1–12.2, 13.1–13.2, 14.1–14.2, 15.1–15.2, 16.1–16.3 and 17.1–17.3, 18.1–18.3 and 19.1–19.3 of the 19-topic qualification. Seventeen lessons cover all five outcomes in section 1.1 and all seven in section 1.2, completing Topic 1. Sixteen lessons cover all three outcomes in section 2.1, all eleven in section 2.2, all eight in section 2.3 and the water learning outcome in section 2.4, completing Topic 2. Twelve lessons cover all eight learning outcomes in Enzymes (Topic 3); thirteen cover all ten outcomes in Cell membranes and transport (Topic 4); and nine cover all eight outcomes in The mitotic cell cycle (Topic 5). Twelve lessons cover all twelve outcomes in Topic 6: all five in section 6.1 and all seven in section 6.2. Twelve lessons cover all four outcomes in Topic 7 section 7.1 and all eight in section 7.2, completing Topic 7. Seventeen lessons cover all seven outcomes in section 8.1, all six in section 8.2 and all four in section 8.3, completing Topic 8. Seven lessons cover all outcomes in Gas exchange (Topic 9). Six lessons cover all four outcomes in section 10.1 and both outcomes in section 10.2, completing Topic 10. Ten lessons cover all four outcomes in section 11.1 and all six in section 11.2, completing Topic 11. Sixteen lessons cover all seven outcomes in Energy (12.1) and all fourteen outcomes in Respiration (12.2), completing Topic 12. Fifteen lessons cover all twelve outcomes in Photosynthesis as an energy transfer process (13.1) and all four in Limiting factors (13.2), completing Topic 13. Eleven lessons cover all outcomes in Homeostasis in mammals (14.1) and four in Homeostasis in plants (14.2), completing Topic 14. Fifteen lessons cover all twelve outcomes in Control and coordination in mammals (15.1) and all three in Control and coordination in plants (15.2), completing Topic 15. Eighteen lessons cover all seven outcomes in Passage of information from parents to offspring (16.1), all seven in The roles of genes in determining the phenotype (16.2) and all four in Gene control (16.3), completing Topic 16. Fourteen lessons cover all four outcomes in Variation (17.1), all seven in Natural and artificial selection (17.2) and all three in Evolution (17.3), completing Topic 17. Eighteen lessons cover all six outcomes in each of Classification (18.1), Biodiversity (18.2) and Conservation (18.3), completing Topic 18. Seventeen lessons cover all eleven outcomes in Principles of genetic technology (19.1), all four in Genetic technology applied to medicine (19.2) and both in Genetically modified organisms in agriculture (19.3), completing Topic 19. Topics 1–19 have mapped teaching sequences. Fifteen original lessons now cover Paper 3 practical skills and Paper 5 planning, analysis and evaluation. They support online preparation; they cannot provide the supervised laboratory competence required for Paper 3. Full timed cumulative exam practice, practical supervision and human subject-teacher review remain outstanding.

Topic 1 · Cell structure

Topic 2 · Biological molecules

Topic 3 · Enzymes

Topic 4 · Cell membranes and transport

Topic 5 · The mitotic cell cycle

Topic 6 · Nucleic acids and protein synthesis

Topic 7 · Transport in plants

Topic 8 · Transport in mammals

Topic 9 · Gas exchange

Topic 10 · Infectious diseases

Topic 11 · Immunity

Topic 12 · Energy and respiration

Topic 13 · Photosynthesis

Topic 14 · Homeostasis

Topic 15 · Control and coordination

Topic 16 · Inheritance

Topic 17 · Selection and evolution

Topic 18 · Classification, biodiversity and conservation

Topic 19 · Genetic technology

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  1. 01

    The fluid mosaic membrane

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  2. 02

    DNA base pairing and direction

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  3. 03

    Haemoglobin and oxygen delivery

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  4. 04

    Prepare a temporary slide of cellular material

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  5. 05

    Draw cells from slides and photomicrographs

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  6. 06

    Calculate magnification and actual size

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  7. 07

    Use an eyepiece graticule and stage micrometer

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  8. 08

    Distinguish magnification from resolution

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  9. 09

    Read plant and animal cell micrographs

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  10. 10

    Relate the cell-surface membrane to selective exchange

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  11. 11

    Identify the nucleus, nuclear envelope and nucleolus

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  12. 12

    Trace the endomembrane pathway

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  13. 13

    Compare mitochondria and chloroplasts

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  14. 14

    Distinguish eukaryotic ribosomes and microtubule structures

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  15. 15

    Relate cilia and microvilli to cell surfaces

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  16. 16

    Identify plant cell walls, plasmodesmata and vacuoles

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  17. 17

    Explain ATP use in energy-requiring processes

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  18. 18

    Describe a typical bacterial cell

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  19. 19

    Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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  20. 20

    Describe virus structure without calling viruses cells

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  21. 21

    Choose a test for a biological molecule

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  22. 22

    Estimate reducing-sugar concentration with Benedict solution

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  23. 23

    Test for non-reducing sugars after hydrolysis

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  24. 24

    Recognise glucose forms and carbohydrate units

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  25. 25

    Form and hydrolyse glycosidic bonds

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  26. 26

    Compare starch and glycogen storage polymers

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  27. 27

    Explain cellulose and plant cell-wall strength

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  28. 28

    Relate triglyceride structure to storage functions

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  29. 29

    Draw a phospholipid and explain its polarity

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  30. 30

    Describe amino acids and peptide bonds

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  31. 31

    Explain levels of protein structure and interactions

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  32. 32

    Compare globular and fibrous proteins

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  33. 33

    Relate haemoglobin structure to oxygen transport

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  34. 34

    Explain collagen fibres and tensile strength

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  35. 35

    Explain hydrogen bonding and water as a solvent

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  36. 36

    Relate heat properties of water to biological roles

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  37. 37

    Distinguish intracellular and extracellular enzymes

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  38. 38

    Explain active sites and enzyme–substrate complexes

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  39. 39

    Compare the lock-and-key and induced-fit hypotheses

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  40. 40

    Measure reaction progress with catalase

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  41. 41

    Measure substrate disappearance with amylase

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  42. 42

    Use a colorimeter to follow enzyme reactions

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  43. 43

    Explain temperature and pH effects on enzyme rate

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  44. 44

    Relate enzyme and substrate concentrations to reaction rate

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  45. 45

    Investigate inhibitor concentration and enzyme activity

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  46. 46

    Use Vmax and Km to compare enzyme affinity

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  47. 47

    Explain reversible competitive and non-competitive inhibition

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  48. 48

    Investigate immobilised enzymes in alginate

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  49. 49

    Explain the fluid mosaic model of membranes

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  50. 50

    Describe membrane components and their roles

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  51. 51

    Explain cell-surface signalling and recognition

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  52. 52

    Compare simple and facilitated diffusion

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  53. 53

    Explain osmosis using water potential

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  54. 54

    Explain active transport across membranes

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  55. 55

    Describe endocytosis and exocytosis

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  56. 56

    Plan diffusion and osmosis investigations

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  57. 57

    Calculate surface-area-to-volume ratio

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  58. 58

    Investigate surface-area-to-volume effects with agar

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  59. 59

    Estimate tissue water potential from plant-tissue mass changes

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  60. 60

    Explain water movement and responses in plant cells

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  61. 61

    Explain water movement and responses in animal cells

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  62. 62

    Describe chromosome structure

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  63. 63

    Outline the mitotic cell cycle

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  64. 64

    Explain why organisms use mitosis

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  65. 65

    Explain the role of telomeres

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  66. 66

    Describe stem cells in tissue repair

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  67. 67

    Explain how tumours form

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  68. 68

    Describe chromosome behaviour during mitosis

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  69. 69

    Compare cytokinesis in plant and animal cells

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  70. 70

    Identify stages of mitosis in cell images

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  71. 71

    Describe nucleotide structure and ATP

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  72. 72

    Classify purines and pyrimidines

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  73. 73

    Explain DNA double-helix structure and base pairing

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  74. 74

    Describe semi-conservative DNA replication

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  75. 75

    Describe messenger RNA structure

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  76. 76

    Relate genes to polypeptides

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  77. 77

    Read the universal genetic code

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  78. 78

    Explain transcription, translation and DNA strand roles

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  79. 79

    Process eukaryotic primary transcripts

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  80. 80

    Define gene mutations and their possible effects

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  81. 81

    Predict effects of base substitutions

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  82. 82

    Predict effects of nucleotide insertions and deletions

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  83. 83

    Plan transverse diagrams of dicot plant organs

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  84. 84

    Locate xylem and phloem in dicot sections

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  85. 85

    Draw xylem vessel elements and phloem conducting cells

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  86. 86

    Relate vascular cell structure to transport

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  87. 87

    Identify dissolved substances transported in plants

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  88. 88

    Trace water pathways from soil to root xylem

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  89. 89

    Explain evaporation and diffusion in transpiration

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  90. 90

    Explain cohesion, adhesion and transpiration pull

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  91. 91

    Annotate xerophyte leaves for reduced water loss

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  92. 92

    Trace assimilates from sources to sinks

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  93. 93

    Explain companion-cell loading of phloem

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  94. 94

    Explain pressure-driven mass flow in phloem

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  95. 95

    Trace the closed double circulation

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  96. 96

    Identify the four major vessels

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  97. 97

    Read vessel sections and make plan diagrams

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  98. 98

    Relate vessel structure to function

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  99. 99

    Recognise the main blood cells

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  100. 100

    Explain water's transport roles

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  101. 101

    Explain tissue fluid formation

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  102. 102

    Trace oxygen and carbon-dioxide transport

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  103. 103

    Explain the chloride shift

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  104. 104

    Explain carbon-dioxide transport in plasma

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  105. 105

    Read the adult haemoglobin oxygen curve

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  106. 106

    Apply the oxygen curve to lungs and tissues

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  107. 107

    Explain the Bohr shift

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  108. 108

    Map the mammalian heart

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  109. 109

    Explain the heart's wall thickness

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  110. 110

    Explain the cardiac cycle

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  111. 111

    Trace electrical coordination of the heart

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  112. 112

    Trace the gas exchange system

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  113. 113

    Locate tissues in the airways

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  114. 114

    Recognise gas-exchange tissues in images

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  115. 115

    Make airway wall plan diagrams

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  116. 116

    Explain the airway's mucus and cilia defence

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  117. 117

    Relate gas-exchange tissues to their functions

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  118. 118

    Explain alveolar gas exchange

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  119. 119

    Define infectious and transmissible disease

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  120. 120

    Match named diseases to their pathogens

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  121. 121

    Compare transmission routes

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  122. 122

    Evaluate disease prevention and control

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  123. 123

    Explain penicillin's target

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  124. 124

    Explain antibiotic resistance and its control

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  125. 125

    Trace phagocytosis by white blood cells

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  126. 126

    Distinguish self and non-self antigens

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  127. 127

    Trace a primary immune response

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  128. 128

    Explain immune memory

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  129. 129

    Relate antibody structure to function

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  130. 130

    Outline hybridoma production

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  131. 131

    Apply monoclonal antibodies

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  132. 132

    Compare types of immunity

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  133. 133

    Explain how vaccines create long-term immunity

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  134. 134

    Explain vaccination programmes

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  135. 135

    Connect ATP with cellular energy demand

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  136. 136

    Explain why ATP is a suitable energy currency

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  137. 137

    Compare the two routes for ATP synthesis

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  138. 138

    Compare substrates and calculate respiratory quotient

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  139. 139

    Plan a respirometer investigation of RQ

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  140. 140

    Locate the four stages of aerobic respiration

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  141. 141

    Trace glycolysis from glucose to pyruvate

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  142. 142

    Connect pyruvate to mitochondrial respiration

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  143. 143

    Follow the Krebs cycle and coenzyme reduction

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  144. 144

    Trace hydrogen transfer by reduced NAD and FAD

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  145. 145

    Explain oxidative phosphorylation

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  146. 146

    Relate mitochondrial structure to respiration

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  147. 147

    Compare anaerobic respiration and energy yield

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  148. 148

    Explain rice growth in submerged conditions

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  149. 149

    Use redox indicators to investigate yeast respiration

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  150. 150

    Measure temperature effects with a simple respirometer

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  151. 151

    Relate chloroplast structure to photosynthesis

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  152. 152

    Connect light-stage products to carbon fixation

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  153. 153

    Explain how chloroplast pigments absorb light

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  154. 154

    Interpret absorption and action spectra

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  155. 155

    Separate and identify chloroplast pigments by chromatography

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  156. 156

    Distinguish cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

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  157. 157

    Trace cyclic photophosphorylation

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  158. 158

    Trace non-cyclic photophosphorylation

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  159. 159

    Explain chemiosmosis in the thylakoid membrane

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  160. 160

    Trace carbon through the Calvin cycle

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  161. 161

    Use Calvin-cycle intermediates to build organic molecules

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  162. 162

    Identify photosynthesis limiting factors

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  163. 163

    Explain how limiting factors change photosynthesis rate

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  164. 164

    Investigate light effects with chloroplast redox indicators

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  165. 165

    Investigate limiting factors in whole plants

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  166. 166

    Explain homeostasis and why it matters

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  167. 167

    Trace a homeostatic control pathway

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  168. 168

    Relate amino-acid deamination to urea

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  169. 169

    Identify the main regions of a human kidney

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  170. 170

    Identify the nephron and its associated vessels

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  171. 171

    Explain filtration and selective reabsorption

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  172. 172

    Relate nephron structure to urine formation

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  173. 173

    Trace ADH control of water reabsorption

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  174. 174

    Trace glucagon cell signalling

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  175. 175

    Explain blood-glucose negative feedback

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  176. 176

    Explain glucose test strips and biosensors

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  177. 177

    Explain why stomata open and close

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  178. 178

    Interpret daily stomatal rhythms

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  179. 179

    Relate guard-cell structure to stomatal movement

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  180. 180

    Explain ABA-mediated stomatal closure

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  181. 181

    Connect endocrine signals with homeostasis

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  182. 182

    Compare nervous and endocrine coordination

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  183. 183

    Trace sensory and motor neurones

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  184. 184

    Explain how sensory receptor cells detect stimuli

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  185. 185

    Trace taste-bud stimulation to an action potential

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  186. 186

    Explain resting potential and action potentials

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  187. 187

    Explain saltatory conduction in myelinated neurones

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  188. 188

    Relate the refractory period to impulse frequency

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  189. 189

    Trace transmission at a cholinergic synapse

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  190. 190

    Link the neuromuscular junction to calcium release

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  191. 191

    Identify sarcomere ultrastructure

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  192. 192

    Explain the sliding-filament model

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  193. 193

    Explain rapid closure of a Venus flytrap

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  194. 194

    Explain how auxin promotes cell elongation

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  195. 195

    Explain gibberellin in barley germination

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  196. 196

    Distinguish haploid and diploid nuclei

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  197. 197

    Explain homologous chromosome pairs

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  198. 198

    Explain why meiosis reduces chromosome number

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  199. 199

    Trace chromosome behaviour through meiosis

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  200. 200

    Identify stages of meiosis in images

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  201. 201

    Explain how meiosis produces different gametes

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  202. 202

    Explain variation from random fertilisation

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  203. 203

    Use inheritance terminology precisely

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  204. 204

    Construct monohybrid and dihybrid crosses

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  205. 205

    Interpret autosomal linkage and epistasis

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  206. 206

    Use test crosses to infer genotype

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  207. 207

    Apply chi-squared to inheritance data

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  208. 208

    Link genes, proteins and inherited phenotypes

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  209. 209

    Explain Le and le alleles in gibberellin synthesis

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  210. 210

    Distinguish structural and regulatory genes

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  211. 211

    Explain regulation of the lac operon

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  212. 212

    Explain how transcription factors regulate eukaryotic genes

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  213. 213

    Explain gibberellin activation through DELLA proteins

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  214. 214

    Explain genetic and environmental variation

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  215. 215

    Compare continuous and discontinuous variation

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  216. 216

    Explain the genetic basis of variation patterns

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  217. 217

    Use a t-test to compare two means

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  218. 218

    Explain natural selection in populations

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  219. 219

    Compare patterns of natural selection

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  220. 220

    Explain selection and genetic drift

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  221. 221

    Explain antibiotic resistance by natural selection

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  222. 222

    Use the Hardy–Weinberg principle

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  223. 223

    Describe artificial selection

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  224. 224

    Apply selective breeding examples

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  225. 225

    Explain evolution as change in gene pools

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  226. 226

    Use DNA sequences to infer evolutionary relationships

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  227. 227

    Compare allopatric and sympatric speciation

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  228. 228

    Compare three species concepts

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  229. 229

    Classify organisms into three domains

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  230. 230

    Compare Archaea and Bacteria

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  231. 231

    Use the taxonomic hierarchy

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  232. 232

    Compare the four eukaryote kingdoms

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  233. 233

    Classify viruses by their genomes

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  234. 234

    Define ecosystems and niches

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  235. 235

    Measure biodiversity at three levels

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  236. 236

    Use random sampling for biodiversity

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  237. 237

    Choose field methods and use the Lincoln index

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  238. 238

    Use Pearson and Spearman correlation

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  239. 239

    Calculate and interpret Simpson’s index

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  240. 240

    Explain causes of extinction

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  241. 241

    Explain why biodiversity matters

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  242. 242

    Compare conservation strategies

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  243. 243

    Describe assisted reproduction in mammals

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  244. 244

    Explain control of invasive alien species

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  245. 245

    Explain IUCN and CITES conservation roles

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  246. 246

    Define recombinant DNA

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  247. 247

    Explain genetic engineering

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  248. 248

    Obtain a gene for transfer

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  249. 249

    Explain the tools used in gene transfer

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  250. 250

    Explain why a transferred promoter may be needed

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  251. 251

    Confirm expression with fluorescent marker genes

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  252. 252

    Explain gene editing

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  253. 253

    Explain PCR amplification

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  254. 254

    Explain gel electrophoresis

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  255. 255

    Explain how microarrays analyse gene expression

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  256. 256

    Use biological sequence databases

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  257. 257

    Explain recombinant human proteins in treatment

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  258. 258

    Explain genetic screening examples

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  259. 259

    Explain gene therapy examples

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  260. 260

    Evaluate screening and gene-therapy ethics

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  261. 261

    Explain agricultural genetic-engineering examples

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  262. 262

    Discuss social and ethical implications of GMOs

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  263. 263

    Plan a practical investigation

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  264. 264

    Use a microscope and scale

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  265. 265

    Draw and compare biological specimens

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  266. 266

    Collect observations safely and accurately

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  267. 267

    Record data in clear tables

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  268. 268

    Calculate and show working

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  269. 269

    Choose and draw the right graph

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  270. 270

    Interpret results and evaluate the method

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  271. 271

    Define a practical problem and prediction

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  272. 272

    Write a reproducible practical method

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  273. 273

    Plan dilutions, controls and risk checks

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  274. 274

    Choose data analysis and statistics

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  275. 275

    Draw conclusions from experimental evidence

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  276. 276

    Evaluate validity, anomalies and improvements

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  277. 277

    Integrate a planning and analysis response

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AS & A Level Biology 9700 · Starter Paper

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