Physics 0625
Explore motion, forces, energy, waves and electricity. Use measurements, models and calculations to explain how physical systems behave.
What you'll cover
- Motion, forces and energy
- Thermal physics
- Waves
- Electricity and magnetism
- Nuclear physics
- Space physics
Published syllabus exam years: 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029. Confirm exam-series and centre availability with your school and Cambridge.
Your route through Physics
Version 2
58 of 58 sections have teaching and practice
Start the learning pathwayStudy options and assessment
491 sequenced Physics lessons provide 1473 guided, independent and application problems. 58 of 58 syllabus sections have full linked teaching sequences; 0 sections remain pending. Three earlier starter overviews remain available but are not counted as full sequences. The map covers all six subject areas for 2026–2028 and keeps review and assessment limits visible. This is available content, not full programme completion, an exam grade or certified mastery. Written practice is self-checked. Supervised practical experience, cumulative assessment and human subject-teacher review remain pending. Paper method exercises do not demonstrate practical competence or complete either practical-assessment route.
View syllabus coverage
The full syllabus map has 58 subject-content sections across six areas. Measurement, motion, mass and weight, density, effects of forces, turning forces, centre of gravity, Extended momentum, energy, work, resources, power, pressure, states of matter, the particle model, gases and absolute temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, changes of state, conduction, convection, radiation, thermal applications, general wave properties, all four Light sections, electromagnetic spectrum, sound, magnetism, electric charge, current, voltage, resistance, electrical energy/power, circuit diagrams/components, series/parallel arrangements and component/divider action, electrical safety, electromagnetic induction, a.c. generators, the magnetic effect of current, force on conductors, d.c. motors, transformers and all seven nuclear physics sections now link to original teaching and staged practice. All subject-content sections now have linked sequences; starter overviews are kept separately. The density sequence covers liquid, regular-solid and sinking irregular-solid methods, floating predictions and Extended non-mixing liquid layers. The force-effects sequence includes load–extension procedures, zero-resultant motion, solid friction and fluid drag; Extended work adds the specified spring, acceleration and circular-motion requirements. The turning sequence checks perpendicular lever arms, opposing moments and the independent support-force balance. Centre-of-gravity work covers the resultant weight point, supervised suspension traces and qualitative stability; Extended turning work adds multiple forces and an equilibrium experiment. The momentum sequence is Extended only and covers signed states, impulse, average resultant forces, one-dimensional collisions and recoil, with explicit system and external-impulse conditions. The energy sequence distinguishes all seven stores from mechanical, electrical, heating and wave pathways and checks simple conservation. Extended energy adds kinetic and gravitational calculations, multistage budgets and proportional Sankey widths. Work lessons connect transferred energy to a named constant aligned force and distance, separating specific work from net kinetic changes. The resource sequence distinguishes fossil fuels, biofuels, dam water, waves, tides, geothermal, nuclear, solar cells, solar water heating and wind, with all five comparison factors and qualitative efficiency. Extended resource work traces solar origins and exceptions, distinguishes fusion research from delivered electricity, and calculates numerical efficiencies with full input boundaries. Power uses work or energy per time, unit conversions and average task rates. The Power requirements apply to both Core and Extended learners. Pressure teaching includes area conversions, named contact forces, everyday comparisons and qualitative depth/density effects. Extended pressure lessons use vertical pressure differences, supplied surface references and separately stated layer segments. States-of-matter teaching separates shape, volume and compression, interprets grain piles and mixtures, and traces the required directed changes with explicit material boundaries. Particle teaching covers arrangement, separation, motion, schematic limits, average kinetic motion and the absolute-zero reference. Gas pressure and Brownian explanations distinguish controlled collisions, random jitter, bulk drift and actual evidence. Extended particle work adds forces, material-specific atoms, molecules, ions and electrons, average wall force per area and the two Brownian scales. Gas-temperature teaching retains fixed-mass controls, Celsius/kelvin conversion directions and equal intervals without using Celsius ratios as numerical gas laws. Extended gas lessons use positive absolute pressure, supplied gauge references, consistent products, inverse curves and explicit data tolerances. Expansion lessons separate free constant-pressure responses from restraint, interpret inward gap movement and explain calibrated thermometers and specified bimetal bending. Extended expansion compares matched initial volumes and temperature rises using the usual particle-model order. Specific-heat-capacity teaching distinguishes sample energy from heater input, mass and interval units, signed cooling and apparent versus supplied corrected estimates. Extended methods include solid and liquid apparatus descriptions, representative temperatures, liquid mass by difference and container energy. Changes-of-state teaching covers standard-pressure pure-water references, energy-input plateaus, condensation/solidification particle changes, energetic surface escape and cooling with energy-replacement conditions. Extended work compares bulk boiling and surface evaporation, explains three matched rate factors, calculates controlled net mass-loss rates and traces contacted-object energy accounts. Conduction teaching compares controlled rods and solid layers and preserves the limits of threshold timing, storage and specimen geometry. Extended conduction explains lattice vibrations, mobile electrons, poor gas/most-liquid conduction and intermediate solids. All convection objectives apply to Core and Extended: teaching covers fluid bulk transfer, density changes and separate described water and air experiments. Radiation distinguishes infrared emission without glow, vacuum transfer, absorption, reflection and emission. Extended radiation retains unchanged-state conditions for steady-temperature balance, signed energy changes, external versus internal Earth–atmosphere exchanges, separate emitter and absorber experiments and uniform-area comparisons. Thermal applications explain pans and room convection; Extended work includes wood/coal fires and serial car-radiator routes with forced transport. General-wave-property teaching distinguishes pattern propagation from local medium motion, spatial amplitude/wavelength from fixed-point frequency, and the specified transverse/longitudinal examples. It calculates speed, wavelength and frequency with consistent units and interprets stationary reflection, refraction and gap spreading without inferring energy from geometry. Separate ripple-tank methods cover all four specified effects, including a single edge. Extended diffraction compares gap width and wavelength independently and retains qualitative intensity limits. Light teaching covers reflection references, plane-mirror image properties and constructions, straight and curved block experiments, entry and exit paths, normal incidence, critical angle and internal reflection. Extended work calculates relative index, sine ratios and critical angles and explains core–cladding telecommunications guidance. Lens teaching covers parallel-beam action, focal references, real-image construction, all required characteristics and virtual-image meaning; Extended teaching adds inside-F converging constructions, magnifiers and short-/long-sighted correction mechanisms. Dispersion retains the ordinary prism red/violet ordering, a continuous spectrum with seven traditional names, and Extended single-frequency meaning. Electromagnetic-spectrum teaching covers all seven regions and their listed uses, excessive-exposure effects and both satellite arrangements. Extended work adds the vacuum-speed value, all listed wireless/fibre systems, discrete versus continuous signals, sound encoding, data-rate benefits and accurate regeneration with decision-error limits. Sound teaching covers vibrating sources, longitudinal motion, approximate hearing range, material transmission, air speed, separate visible-event and two-microphone methods, amplitude/loudness, frequency/pitch, echoes and the strict ultrasound definition. Extended sound adds compression/rarefaction, the general material-speed ordering and distinct non-destructive, soft-tissue and sonar uses with stated-medium round-trip calculations. Magnetism teaching covers pole forces, induced magnetism, temporary and permanent materials, field patterns and directions, both plotting methods and both magnet types’ uses. Extended magnetism explains interacting fields and relative strength from common line-spacing conventions. Electric-charge teaching covers charge signs and forces, friction production, electroscope detection, electron transfer, controlled conductor/insulator experiments and representative materials. Extended charge adds coulomb units and all three required field patterns: point sources, isolated conducting spheres and the central region between parallel plates. Current teaching covers charge flow, both ammeter types and ranges, metallic conduction and d.c./a.c.; Extended current adds charge per time and both direction conventions. Voltage teaching defines e.m.f. and p.d., their units and both voltmeter types and ranges; Extended voltage adds separate source and component work-per-charge equations. Resistance teaching covers R = V/I, the voltmeter/ammeter experiment and qualitative wire dimensions; Extended resistance adds all three I–V shapes and controlled length/area scaling. Electrical energy and power apply to both tiers, with source–component–surroundings accounts, P = IV, E = IVt, kWh definitions and supplied appliance costs. Circuit teaching covers every listed component symbol and behaviour, one-path and parallel construction, source combinations, series resistance, qualitative branch comparisons and parallel lighting. Extended circuit work adds diodes and LEDs, all three numerical current/p.d. balances, charge-conservation explanations and parallel resistance. Divider teaching states the Core constant-current p.d. trend; Extended work explains wiper action, matched resistance–voltage ratios, both sensor placements and supplied loading examples. Electrical-safety teaching explains all four hazard categories, live/neutral/earth roles, live switching, fuse and trip operation, supplied protection ratings, earthed cases and double insulation with live-fuse protection. Induction teaching distinguishes moving conductors and changing linked fields, describes separate magnet–coil and conductor demonstrations and controls comparisons of speed, field and turns. Extended induction explains opposition to change, energy accounts and the generator direction rule with explicit page, conventional-current and electron conventions. Generator teaching is Supplement only and distinguishes rotating coils, continuous slip rings and stationary brushes from rotating permanent magnets with fixed output coils. It plots supplied e.m.f.–time graphs, fixes the coil-normal angle and relates positions to voltage peaks and zeros. Magnetic-effect teaching traces wire and solenoid field patterns and directions, describes both investigations and explains relays and moving-coil loudspeakers. Extended magnetic-effect work compares qualitative strength across positions and isolates current magnitude and reversal with geometry, viewpoint and background controls. Conductor-force teaching describes controlled on/off observations and separate current/field reversal trials. Extended work uses the motor direction convention and charge-aware particle-beam deflection, with parallel-motion and energy limits. Motor teaching separates force and moment balances, all three turning-effect factors and orientation constraints. Extended motor lessons trace split-ring commutation, stationary brushes, coil-current reversal and source energy. Transformer teaching covers separate insulated windings on a soft-iron core, primary/secondary terms, all voltage-ratio rearrangements and staged high-voltage transmission. Extended transformer work explains changing-field induction and d.c. transients, computes ideal loaded power balances and uses same-path I²R cable losses with consistent receiving-load and source-power boundaries. These mains diagrams are written analysis, not maintenance instructions. Nuclear teaching distinguishes orbital electron transfer from nuclear decay, balances nucleon and charge-number equations, compares relative radiation effects and corrects detector intervals and background. Core half-life uses source-only tables and curves; Supplement work corrects background and explains smoke sensing, food irradiation, equipment sterilisation, thickness monitoring and gamma diagnosis/treatment. Radiation protection retains authorised source handling, biological risk and time/distance/shielding mechanisms. Earth and Solar System teaching now covers daily rotation, seasonal tilt and annual recurrence, phase viewing geometry, all eight planets and smaller bodies, gravitational accretion, inner/outer structures, planetary fields and one-way/round-trip light delays. Supplement teaching calculates orbital averages and rearrangements, places the Sun at an ellipse focus, interprets distance/period/density/temperature/local-field tables, compares distant orbital speeds and conserves signed orbital energy. Illustrative tables and schematic models are labelled explicitly. Sun teaching distinguishes composition, radiation and Supplement fusion. Stars teaching separates Core galaxy membership and light-year definitions from Supplement conversions and all eight life-cycle subparts, including alternative mass branches and conditional material recycling. Universe teaching covers galaxy scale, matching spectral redshift and expansion evidence; Supplement work explains the characteristic CMBR and early origin, supplied small-shift speed calculations, calibrated-supernova brightness, SI Hubble ratios, scaled graphs and reciprocal age estimates. Approximations, foreground effects and changing expansion-rate limits remain explicit. All 324 numbered subject-content objectives are mapped to original teaching and staged practice; this does not close human-review, practical or assessment requirements. Core and Extended labels follow the selected exam-year syllabus. A linked section describes available teaching, not teacher approval, mastery, practical competence or full assessment coverage. Human teacher review, supervised practical experience and cumulative assessment remain outstanding.
Motion, forces and energy
- Physical quantities and measurement techniques1.1
- Motion1.2Calculate speed and specify velocity directionFind whole-journey average speed including stopsPlot distance-time graphs and calculate straight gradientsRecognise changing speed on curved distance-time graphsPlot speed-time graphs and identify motion statesFind distance from areas under speed-time graphsRecognise near-Earth free-fall accelerationCalculate acceleration and signed decelerationCalculate acceleration from speed-time gradientsDistinguish constant and changing accelerationExplain falling motion and terminal velocity
- Mass and weight1.3Distinguish mass from gravitational weightCalculate weight mass and gravitational field strengthDetermine field strength from weight-mass dataConnect gravitational field strength with free-fall accelerationCompare masses and weights using a balanceExplain weight as the effect of a gravitational field
- Density1.4Explain density as mass per unit volumeRearrange density equations and convert cubic unitsDetermine density of regularly shaped solidsDetermine density of sinking irregular solidsDetermine liquid density with an empty-container correctionPredict floating and sinking from object densityOrder immiscible liquids by densityEvaluate density methods and systematic errors
- Effects of forces1.5.1Explain stretching compression bending and twistingMeasure extension in a supervised spring experimentPlot and interpret load-extension dataCombine forces along the same straight lineConnect zero resultant force with unchanged velocityExplain how a resultant changes speed or directionDescribe solid friction and the heating it can produceRecognise drag in liquids and gasesCalculate spring constant using force and extensionIdentify the limit of proportionality on a spring graphCalculate acceleration from the resultant forceFind the force or mass needed for a specified accelerationExplain inward force and tangent velocity in circular motionCompare force speed radius and mass in maintained circular motion
- Turning effect of forces1.5.2Explain moments and everyday turning effectsCalculate moments using perpendicular distanceBalance a beam with one force on each sideConvert hanging masses into balancing weightsRequire both force and moment balance for equilibriumFind the pivot support force on a balanced beamBalance several forces and an off-centre beam weightTest moment balance in a supervised ruler experiment
- Centre of gravity1.5.3
- Momentum1.6Calculate momentum with signed velocityCalculate momentum changes including reboundsCalculate impulse from force and durationFind average force and contact time from impulseChoose a system and state momentum conservation conditionsSolve one-dimensional collisions when objects stickSolve separate final velocities from a supplied collision outcomeExplain recoil when an initially resting system separatesRelate momentum change per unit time to resultant forceCompare stopping times and average forces
- Energy1.7.1Identify the seven syllabus energy storesDescribe energy-store changes in everyday processesDistinguish mechanical and electrical energy transfersFollow heating and wave energy transfersApply energy conservation with a stated systemInterpret simple energy flow diagramsCalculate kinetic energy from mass and speedFind mass or speed from a kinetic-energy valueCalculate gravitational potential energy changesFind height changes and compare gravitational energy accountsConserve energy through multiple stagesInterpret and complete quantitative Sankey diagrams
- Work1.7.2
- Energy resources1.7.3Trace useful energy from fossil fuelsExplain useful energy from biofuelsTrace energy through a hydroelectric damDistinguish wave and tidal energy generationExplain geothermal heating and electricityTrace electricity generation from nuclear fuelExplain electricity generation by solar cellsExplain solar water-heating panelsTrace wind energy into electrical outputCompare resources using five separate factorsExplain useful and dispersed energy qualitativelyTrace solar origins and the three resource exceptionsExplain solar fusion and research toward fusion electricityCalculate efficiency using useful energy outputCalculate efficiency using power and complete stage chains
- Power1.7.4
- Pressure1.8Define and calculate force per unit areaConvert areas and rearrange pressure calculationsExplain everyday changes in contact pressureCompare liquid pressure by depth and densityDistinguish liquid depth from container shape and route lengthCalculate liquid-pressure changes from vertical depthFind depth or density from a liquid-pressure differenceCompare liquid-pressure changes across stated layers
Thermal physics
- States of matter2.1.1
- Particle model2.1.2Represent vibrating particles in a solidExplain liquid flow with close mobile particlesExplain gas spreading and compressionConstruct and critique simple particle diagramsRelate temperature to particle motion and absolute zeroExplain gas pressure through surface collisionsExplain Brownian motion as particle-model evidenceConnect state properties to particle forces and distancesConnect gas collisions to wall force per unit areaDistinguish Brownian grains from atoms and molecules
- Gases and the absolute scale of temperature2.1.3Explain heating a fixed gas mass at constant volumeExplain gas compression at constant temperatureConvert between Celsius and kelvin temperaturesDistinguish temperature readings differences and ratiosUse the constant pressure-volume productUse absolute gas pressure and consistent unitsPlot and interpret the inverse pressure-volume curveCheck pressure-volume data and model conditions
- Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases2.2.1
- Specific heat capacity2.2.2Relate a temperature rise to internal energyDistinguish temperature readings from energy amountsExplain warming through average particle kinetic energyDefine specific heat capacity and calculate energy changesRearrange heat capacity equations and interpret coolingSeparate heater input from the sample energy gainDescribe a solid specific heat capacity experimentDescribe a liquid specific heat capacity experiment
- Melting, boiling and evaporation2.2.3Interpret melting and boiling on a heating curveState water's melting and boiling reference temperaturesExplain condensation and solidification using particlesExplain evaporation from a liquid surfaceExplain why evaporation cools a liquidCompare boiling with surface evaporationExplain temperature area and airflow effects on evaporationPlan and interpret controlled evaporation measurementsExplain cooling of an object touching an evaporating liquid
- Conduction2.3.1
- Convection2.3.2
- Radiation2.3.3Recognise infrared thermal radiation from objectsExplain thermal radiation through a vacuumCompare infrared absorption emission and reflection by surfacesExplain steady temperature through balanced energy ratesPredict warming and cooling from unequal energy ratesExplain Earth temperature through radiation balanceDescribe a controlled infrared emission experimentDescribe a controlled infrared absorption experimentExplain temperature and area effects on infrared emission rate
- Consequences of thermal energy transfer2.3.4
Waves
- General properties of waves3.1Track wave energy without carrying the medium alongDescribe wave motion in ropes and springsObserve water wave motion in a ripple tankRead crests troughs amplitude and wavelengthIdentify wavefronts frequency and propagation speedCalculate wave speed with consistent wavelength unitsRearrange wave speed equations and check supplied dataCompare transverse wave models and vibration directionsRead longitudinal compressions and rarefactionsExplain reflection of waves at a plane surfaceExplain refraction through a change of wave speedDescribe diffraction through a narrow gapDescribe a ripple tank reflection experimentDescribe ripple tank refraction across a depth changeDescribe a ripple tank gap diffraction experimentDescribe a ripple tank edge diffraction experimentCompare wavelength and gap size in diffractionCompare wavelength effects at a diffraction edge
- Reflection of light3.2.1
- Refraction of light3.2.2Measure light refraction angles at a boundaryDescribe a rectangular-block refraction experimentDescribe refraction with a semicircular blockTrace light through a parallel-sided transparent blockExplain normal-incidence light transmissionDefine the critical angle for lightExplain internal reflection and total internal reflectionCalculate refractive index from light speedsUse the sine ratio for light refractionCalculate critical angle and refractive indexExplain optical fibres in telecommunications
- Thin lenses3.2.3Compare converging and diverging lenses on parallel beamsLocate principal axis focus and focal lengthConstruct a real image with a converging lensCompare real lens-image size and positionDistinguish virtual lens images from screen projectionsConstruct a virtual image with a converging lensUse a single converging lens as a magnifying glassExplain diverging-lens correction of short-sightednessExplain converging-lens correction of long-sightedness
- Dispersion of light3.2.4
- Electromagnetic spectrum3.3Order the electromagnetic spectrum by frequency and wavelengthCompare electromagnetic travel in vacuum with soundExplain radio broadcasting astronomy and RFIDExplain microwave communication and oven heatingExplain infrared heating sensing and short-range linksExplain visible light in vision photography and illuminationExplain ultraviolet security marking and water sterilisationExplain X-ray medical and security scanningExplain gamma-ray sterilisation cancer detection and treatmentDistinguish microwave and infrared heating hazardsExplain ultraviolet X-ray and gamma-ray cell damageCompare low-orbit and geostationary satellite communicationCalculate electromagnetic travel using the vacuum speedExplain wireless and optical-fibre communication choicesDistinguish analogue and digital signalsRepresent sound as analogue and digital informationExplain digital regeneration transmission rate and range
- Sound3.4Explain sound production by vibrating sourcesDescribe sound as a longitudinal disturbanceUse the approximate human audible frequency rangeExplain why sound needs a material mediumUse the approximate speed of sound in airMeasure sound speed using a synchronised visible eventMeasure sound speed using two microphonesCompare sound amplitude loudness frequency and pitchExplain echoes as reflected soundDefine ultrasound using the frequency boundaryDescribe sound compressions and rarefactionsCompare sound speeds in solids liquids and gasesUse ultrasound echoes for non-destructive material testingExplain ultrasound scanning of soft tissueCalculate sonar depth and distinguish total path from distance
Electricity and magnetism
- Simple phenomena of magnetism4.1Describe magnetic pole attraction and repulsionUse repulsion to distinguish a magnet from an unmagnetised materialExplain induced magnetism in soft ironCompare temporary soft-iron and permanent steel magnetsDistinguish magnetic materials from other metals and insulatorsDefine a magnetic field through the force on a poleDraw the external field pattern around a bar magnetDetermine magnetic field direction using a north polePlot bar-magnet field lines with a compassUse iron filings to reveal a magnetic field patternExplain useful permanent-magnet applicationsExplain useful switched-electromagnet applicationsExplain magnetic forces through interacting fieldsCompare relative magnetic field strength from line spacingInterpret magnetic field cancellation and combined directions
- Electric charge4.2.1Identify positive negative and neutral charge from particle balancePredict forces between charged objectsProduce electrostatic charge by friction in a controlled testDetect electrostatic charge with an electroscopeExplain electron transfer when solids are rubbedConserve charge during isolated electron transferTest electrical conductors and insulators with a complete circuitExplain conduction and insulation using a simple electron modelClassify typical conductors and insulators without confusing magnetismUse coulombs and signed charge prefixesDefine an electric field by its force on chargeDetermine electric field direction using a positive test chargeDraw electric field patterns around point chargesDraw the field around an isolated charged conducting sphereDraw the uniform field between oppositely charged parallel plates
- Electric current4.2.2Relate electric current to charge flowRead an analogue ammeter using its selected rangeUse a digital ammeter and choose a suitable rangeExplain metallic current as moving free electronsDistinguish direct and alternating currentCalculate current from charge passing a pointFind transferred charge and time from currentInterpret average current across changing intervalsDistinguish conventional current and electron flow
- Electromotive force and potential difference4.2.3Define electromotive force as source work per unit chargeState and interpret volts for electromotive forceDefine potential difference across a componentDistinguish voltage from charge current and total energyRead an analogue voltmeter on the chosen scaleUse a digital voltmeter with a suitable parallel connectionCalculate source work per charge as electromotive forceFind source work or transferred charge from e.m.f.Calculate component potential difference from work and chargeCompare source and component work accounts for the same charge
- Resistance4.2.4Calculate resistance from potential difference and currentRearrange resistance to find current or potential differenceDetermine resistance with separate current and voltage measurementsCompare wire resistance when length changesCompare wire resistance when cross-sectional area changesSketch and explain a constant-resistance current–voltage graphExplain filament-lamp current–voltage curvatureExplain diode current–voltage directionalityRead resistance from a specified current–voltage operating pointScale metallic-wire resistance with lengthScale metallic-wire resistance with cross-sectional areaCombine length area and diameter changes for a metallic wire
- Electrical energy and electrical power4.2.5Trace electrical energy transfer through a circuitCalculate electrical power from current and potential differenceFind operating current or potential difference from electrical powerCalculate electrical energy using current potential difference and timeUse consistent time units and changing operating intervalsDefine a kilowatt-hour and convert between energy unitsCalculate appliance energy costs from kWh tariffsCompare multiappliance daily energy and costs
- Circuit diagrams and circuit components4.3.1Read cell and battery symbols with their polaritiesDistinguish power supplies and generators in circuit diagramsDraw switches and trace complete circuit pathsUse fixed resistors variable resistors and heatersInterpret an NTC thermistor in a sensing circuitInterpret a light dependent resistor and its illuminationIdentify lamps motors and bells as circuit outputsPlace ammeters and voltmeters in circuit diagramsRecognize magnetising coils and transformer connectionsInterpret a fuse as a current controlled circuit interruptionUse a relay to switch a separate circuitRecognize a three terminal potential divider symbolInterpret a diode direction in a circuit diagramUse an LED with light arrows and current limiting
- Series and parallel circuits4.3.2Draw switches and trace complete circuit pathsFollow the same current around a series circuitConstruct and redraw series and parallel circuit pathsCombine the e m f of sources in seriesAdd resistances in one series pathCompare source and branch currents in parallelCompare resistance before and after a parallel branch is addedExplain the advantages of parallel lamp connectionsCalculate missing currents at a circuit junctionExplain junction current balance using charge conservationAdd potential differences across series componentsUse the same potential difference across parallel branchesCalculate two resistor parallel equivalents
- Action and use of circuit components4.3.3
- Electrical safety4.4Explain the hazards of damaged electrical insulationExplain cable overheating and shared-socket overloadsExplain electrical hazards in damp conditionsDistinguish live neutral and protective earthExplain why an appliance switch belongs in liveExplain how a fuse interrupts excess currentChoose protective ratings from supplied circuit limitsDistinguish overcurrent trips from residual-current protectionExplain how an earthed metal case is protectedExplain double insulation and fuse protection without earth
- Electromagnetic induction4.5.1Recognise induced voltage in a moving conductorInduce voltage by changing the field linking a coilDescribe a magnet and coil induction experimentDescribe a moving conductor induction demonstrationCompare factors affecting induced voltage magnitudeUse opposition to change for magnet and coil directionsExplain induction opposition through energy transferUse the generator direction rule for motion field and current
- The a.c. generator4.5.2Explain a rotating coil alternating-current generatorExplain slip rings and stationary generator brushesExplain a rotating magnet generator with a fixed coilSketch and read a simple generator voltage graphRelate generator coil positions to voltage peaks and zerosRead generator periods and compare rotation changes
- Magnetic effect of a current4.5.3Trace the magnetic field around a straight current-carrying wireTrace the field and poles of a current-carrying solenoidDescribe a straight-wire magnetic field investigationDescribe a solenoid field investigationExplain magnetic relay action and its applicationsExplain how a moving coil loudspeaker produces soundCompare straight-wire field strength at different positionsCompare central and external solenoid field strengthPredict field changes when current direction reversesControl current comparisons in wire and solenoid fields
- Force on a current-carrying conductor4.5.4Describe a force experiment with a current-carrying conductorCompare conductor movement when current reversesCompare conductor movement when the magnetic field reversesUse the motor rule for force field and current directionsDetermine magnetic force directions for positive and negative particle beamsCheck beam direction reversals and parallel motion limits
- The d.c. motor4.5.5
- The transformer4.5.6Describe a simple two-winding transformerUse primary secondary step-up and step-down termsCalculate transformer secondary voltages from turnsFind missing transformer turn counts and input voltagesTrace transformer roles in high-voltage electricity transmissionExplain the advantages of high-voltage transmissionRead a supplied transmission transformer chainExplain induction in an iron-cored transformerCalculate ideal transformer input and output currentsCombine transformer turns voltage and ideal power balancesCalculate cable heating losses with current squared resistanceCompare transmission losses at matched load powerCheck voltage-loss scaling and changed cable conditions
Nuclear physics
- The atom5.1.1
- The nucleus5.1.2Identify nuclear particles and their relative chargesCalculate proton nucleon and neutron numbersRead and write labelled nuclide notationDistinguish isotopes from ions and different elementsExplain fission with a balanced supplied nuclear equationExplain fusion with a balanced supplied nuclear equationRelate nuclear charge and relative mass to proton and nucleon numbers
- Detection of radioactivity5.2.1
- The three types of nuclear emission5.2.2Explain spontaneous emission and random nuclear directionsIdentify alpha beta-minus and gamma emissionsCompare ionising effects and penetrating abilities of nuclear emissionsPredict nuclear emission deflection in an electric fieldPredict nuclear emission deflection in a magnetic fieldExplain relative ionisation through energy transfer and charge
- Radioactive decay5.2.3
- Half-life5.2.4Define half-life without an individual decay deadlineCalculate successive half-lives and remaining fractionsFind half-life from background-free tables and curvesFind half-life when measured counts include backgroundExplain the radioactive smoke-alarm applicationExplain gamma irradiation of foodExplain gamma sterilisation of medical equipmentSelect radiation for thickness monitoringDistinguish gamma diagnosis from cancer treatment
- Safety precautions5.2.5
Space physics
- The Earth6.1.1Explain Earth rotation and the apparent daily Sun motionExplain the annual seasonal cycle from Earth tiltExplain Moon phases using changing viewing geometryMatch astronomical observations to their repeating cyclesCalculate average orbital speed with consistent unitsRearrange the orbital speed equation for period and radiusCompare orbital speeds using both radius and period
- The Solar System6.1.2Name and order the eight Solar System planetsDistinguish moons dwarf planets asteroids and cometsExplain Solar System formation by gravitational accretionExplain why inner and outer planets differCompare planetary gravity by mass and distanceCalculate one-way light travel across the Solar SystemCalculate request reply and reflection delays in spaceExplain why planets orbit the massive SunLocate the Sun at a focus of an elliptical orbitAnalyse orbital period distance and density dataInterpret planetary temperature and surface gravity dataExplain decreasing planetary orbital speeds farther from the SunExplain changing speed in an elliptical orbit through energy
- The Sun as a star6.2.1
- Stars6.2.2Locate the Sun within the Milky WayDefine a light-year as a distanceConvert light-year distances and signal delaysExplain cloud collapse and protostar heatingExplain the balance in a stable starTrace fuel depletion into giant stagesTrace the planetary nebula and white dwarf branchTrace massive stars through supernova and compact remnantsExplain stellar recycling into later stars and planets
- The Universe6.2.3Compare the Milky Way with the wider UniverseDescribe redshift as increased observed wavelengthCompare matching galaxy and laboratory spectraExplain how redshift supports cosmic expansionIdentify the cosmic microwave backgroundExplain the early origin and stretching of the CMBRInfer recession speed from a supplied redshift relationUse a calibrated supernova to estimate galaxy distanceCalculate Hubble constant from recession speed and distanceUse the syllabus Hubble reference and proportional graphEstimate cosmic age from the reciprocal Hubble constant
Lessons and worked examples
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- 01
Measure lengths from two ruler readings
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Not started - 02
Read liquid volumes and find displacement volumes
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Measure short lengths by taking multiples
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Time intervals and repeated pendulum oscillations
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Distinguish scalar and vector quantities
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Find perpendicular force and velocity resultants
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Calculate speed and specify velocity direction
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Find whole-journey average speed including stops
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Plot distance-time graphs and calculate straight gradients
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Recognise changing speed on curved distance-time graphs
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Plot speed-time graphs and identify motion states
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Find distance from areas under speed-time graphs
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Recognise near-Earth free-fall acceleration
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Calculate acceleration and signed deceleration
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Calculate acceleration from speed-time gradients
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Distinguish constant and changing acceleration
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Explain falling motion and terminal velocity
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Distinguish mass from gravitational weight
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Calculate weight mass and gravitational field strength
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Determine field strength from weight-mass data
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Connect gravitational field strength with free-fall acceleration
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Compare masses and weights using a balance
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Explain weight as the effect of a gravitational field
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Explain density as mass per unit volume
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Rearrange density equations and convert cubic units
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Determine density of regularly shaped solids
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Determine density of sinking irregular solids
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Determine liquid density with an empty-container correction
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Predict floating and sinking from object density
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Order immiscible liquids by density
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Evaluate density methods and systematic errors
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Explain stretching compression bending and twisting
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Measure extension in a supervised spring experiment
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Plot and interpret load-extension data
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Combine forces along the same straight line
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Connect zero resultant force with unchanged velocity
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Not started - 37
Explain how a resultant changes speed or direction
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Not started - 38
Describe solid friction and the heating it can produce
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Not started - 39
Recognise drag in liquids and gases
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Not started - 40
Calculate spring constant using force and extension
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Not started - 41
Identify the limit of proportionality on a spring graph
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Not started - 42
Calculate acceleration from the resultant force
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Not started - 43
Find the force or mass needed for a specified acceleration
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Not started - 44
Explain inward force and tangent velocity in circular motion
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Not started - 45
Compare force speed radius and mass in maintained circular motion
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Not started - 46
Explain moments and everyday turning effects
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Not started - 47
Calculate moments using perpendicular distance
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Not started - 48
Balance a beam with one force on each side
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Not started - 49
Convert hanging masses into balancing weights
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Not started - 50
Require both force and moment balance for equilibrium
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Not started - 51
Find the pivot support force on a balanced beam
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Not started - 52
Balance several forces and an off-centre beam weight
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Not started - 53
Test moment balance in a supervised ruler experiment
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Not started - 54
Define centre of gravity and locate a weight line
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Not started - 55
Locate the centre of gravity of an irregular lamina by suspension
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Not started - 56
Explain stability using the weight line and tipping edge
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Not started - 57
Compare low centres of gravity and broad bases
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Not started - 58
Calculate momentum with signed velocity
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Not started - 59
Calculate momentum changes including rebounds
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Not started - 60
Calculate impulse from force and duration
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Not started - 61
Find average force and contact time from impulse
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Not started - 62
Choose a system and state momentum conservation conditions
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Not started - 63
Solve one-dimensional collisions when objects stick
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Not started - 64
Solve separate final velocities from a supplied collision outcome
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Not started - 65
Explain recoil when an initially resting system separates
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Not started - 66
Relate momentum change per unit time to resultant force
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Not started - 67
Compare stopping times and average forces
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Not started - 68
Identify the seven syllabus energy stores
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Not started - 69
Describe energy-store changes in everyday processes
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Not started - 70
Distinguish mechanical and electrical energy transfers
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Not started - 71
Follow heating and wave energy transfers
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Not started - 72
Apply energy conservation with a stated system
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Not started - 73
Interpret simple energy flow diagrams
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Not started - 74
Calculate kinetic energy from mass and speed
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Not started - 75
Find mass or speed from a kinetic-energy value
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Not started - 76
Calculate gravitational potential energy changes
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Not started - 77
Find height changes and compare gravitational energy accounts
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Not started - 78
Conserve energy through multiple stages
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Not started - 79
Interpret and complete quantitative Sankey diagrams
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Not started - 80
Relate mechanical and electrical work to energy transferred
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Not started - 81
Calculate work from force and aligned distance
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Not started - 82
Find force or distance from a work requirement
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Not started - 83
Trace useful energy from fossil fuels
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Not started - 84
Explain useful energy from biofuels
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Not started - 85
Trace energy through a hydroelectric dam
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Not started - 86
Distinguish wave and tidal energy generation
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Not started - 87
Explain geothermal heating and electricity
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Not started - 88
Trace electricity generation from nuclear fuel
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Not started - 89
Explain electricity generation by solar cells
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Not started - 90
Explain solar water-heating panels
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Not started - 91
Trace wind energy into electrical output
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Not started - 92
Compare resources using five separate factors
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Not started - 93
Explain useful and dispersed energy qualitatively
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Not started - 94
Trace solar origins and the three resource exceptions
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Not started - 95
Explain solar fusion and research toward fusion electricity
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Not started - 96
Calculate efficiency using useful energy output
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Not started - 97
Calculate efficiency using power and complete stage chains
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Not started - 98
Define power as energy transfer per unit time
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Not started - 99
Convert units and rearrange power calculations
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Not started - 100
Calculate power for a specified mechanical-work task
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Not started - 101
Define and calculate force per unit area
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Not started - 102
Convert areas and rearrange pressure calculations
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Not started - 103
Explain everyday changes in contact pressure
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Not started - 104
Compare liquid pressure by depth and density
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Not started - 105
Distinguish liquid depth from container shape and route length
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Not started - 106
Calculate liquid-pressure changes from vertical depth
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Not started - 107
Find depth or density from a liquid-pressure difference
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Not started - 108
Compare liquid-pressure changes across stated layers
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Not started - 109
Distinguish solid liquid and gas properties
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Not started - 110
Classify grains droplets and trapped gas
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Not started - 111
Name the required changes of state
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Not started - 112
Trace a sequence of physical state changes
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Not started - 113
Represent vibrating particles in a solid
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Not started - 114
Explain liquid flow with close mobile particles
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Not started - 115
Explain gas spreading and compression
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Not started - 116
Construct and critique simple particle diagrams
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Not started - 117
Relate temperature to particle motion and absolute zero
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Not started - 118
Explain gas pressure through surface collisions
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Not started - 119
Explain Brownian motion as particle-model evidence
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Not started - 120
Connect state properties to particle forces and distances
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Not started - 121
Connect gas collisions to wall force per unit area
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Not started - 122
Distinguish Brownian grains from atoms and molecules
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Not started - 123
Explain heating a fixed gas mass at constant volume
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Not started - 124
Explain gas compression at constant temperature
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Not started - 125
Convert between Celsius and kelvin temperatures
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Not started - 126
Distinguish temperature readings differences and ratios
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Not started - 127
Use the constant pressure-volume product
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Not started - 128
Use absolute gas pressure and consistent units
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Not started - 129
Plot and interpret the inverse pressure-volume curve
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Not started - 130
Check pressure-volume data and model conditions
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Not started - 131
Describe thermal expansion at constant pressure
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Not started - 132
Explain expansion gaps and restrained structures
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Not started - 133
Use expansion in thermometers and bimetal devices
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Not started - 134
Explain relative expansion through particle motion and arrangement
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Not started - 135
Relate a temperature rise to internal energy
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Not started - 136
Distinguish temperature readings from energy amounts
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Not started - 137
Explain warming through average particle kinetic energy
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Not started - 138
Define specific heat capacity and calculate energy changes
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Not started - 139
Rearrange heat capacity equations and interpret cooling
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Not started - 140
Separate heater input from the sample energy gain
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Not started - 141
Describe a solid specific heat capacity experiment
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Not started - 142
Describe a liquid specific heat capacity experiment
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Not started - 143
Interpret melting and boiling on a heating curve
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Not started - 144
State water's melting and boiling reference temperatures
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Not started - 145
Explain condensation and solidification using particles
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Not started - 146
Explain evaporation from a liquid surface
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Not started - 147
Explain why evaporation cools a liquid
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Not started - 148
Compare boiling with surface evaporation
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Not started - 149
Explain temperature area and airflow effects on evaporation
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Not started - 150
Plan and interpret controlled evaporation measurements
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Not started - 151
Explain cooling of an object touching an evaporating liquid
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Not started - 152
Compare conducting rods with matched indicators
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Not started - 153
Compare solid layers in a controlled conduction test
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Not started - 154
Explain conduction through lattice vibrations
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Not started - 155
Explain the electron contribution in metal conduction
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Not started - 156
Explain poor conduction in gases and most liquids
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Not started - 157
Recognise intermediate thermal conduction in solids
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Not started - 158
Distinguish convection from conduction in fluids
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Not started - 159
Explain natural convection using density changes
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Not started - 160
Describe a water convection demonstration
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Not started - 161
Describe an air convection demonstration
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Not started - 162
Recognise infrared thermal radiation from objects
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Not started - 163
Explain thermal radiation through a vacuum
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Not started - 164
Compare infrared absorption emission and reflection by surfaces
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Not started - 165
Explain steady temperature through balanced energy rates
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Not started - 166
Predict warming and cooling from unequal energy rates
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Not started - 167
Explain Earth temperature through radiation balance
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Not started - 168
Describe a controlled infrared emission experiment
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Not started - 169
Describe a controlled infrared absorption experiment
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Not started - 170
Explain temperature and area effects on infrared emission rate
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Not started - 171
Explain thermal transfer through a kitchen pan
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Not started - 172
Explain room heating by convection
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Not started - 173
Trace multiple thermal routes from a wood or coal fire
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Not started - 174
Explain thermal transfer through a car radiator
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Not started - 175
Track wave energy without carrying the medium along
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Not started - 176
Describe wave motion in ropes and springs
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Not started - 177
Observe water wave motion in a ripple tank
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Not started - 178
Read crests troughs amplitude and wavelength
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Not started - 179
Identify wavefronts frequency and propagation speed
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Not started - 180
Calculate wave speed with consistent wavelength units
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Not started - 181
Rearrange wave speed equations and check supplied data
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Not started - 182
Compare transverse wave models and vibration directions
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Not started - 183
Read longitudinal compressions and rarefactions
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Not started - 184
Explain reflection of waves at a plane surface
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Not started - 185
Explain refraction through a change of wave speed
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Not started - 186
Describe diffraction through a narrow gap
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Not started - 187
Describe a ripple tank reflection experiment
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Not started - 188
Describe ripple tank refraction across a depth change
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Not started - 189
Describe a ripple tank gap diffraction experiment
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Not started - 190
Describe a ripple tank edge diffraction experiment
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Not started - 191
Compare wavelength and gap size in diffraction
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Not started - 192
Compare wavelength effects at a diffraction edge
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Not started - 193
Measure reflection angles from the normal
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Not started - 194
Apply the law of reflection at a plane mirror
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Not started - 195
Describe the image formed by a plane mirror
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Not started - 196
Construct plane-mirror images from reflected rays
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Not started - 197
Measure and calculate plane-mirror constructions
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Not started - 198
Measure light refraction angles at a boundary
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Not started - 199
Describe a rectangular-block refraction experiment
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Not started - 200
Describe refraction with a semicircular block
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Not started - 201
Trace light through a parallel-sided transparent block
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Not started - 202
Explain normal-incidence light transmission
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Not started - 203
Define the critical angle for light
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Not started - 204
Explain internal reflection and total internal reflection
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Not started - 205
Calculate refractive index from light speeds
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Not started - 206
Use the sine ratio for light refraction
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Not started - 207
Calculate critical angle and refractive index
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Not started - 208
Explain optical fibres in telecommunications
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Not started - 209
Compare converging and diverging lenses on parallel beams
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Not started - 210
Locate principal axis focus and focal length
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Not started - 211
Construct a real image with a converging lens
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Not started - 212
Compare real lens-image size and position
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Not started - 213
Distinguish virtual lens images from screen projections
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Not started - 214
Construct a virtual image with a converging lens
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Not started - 215
Use a single converging lens as a magnifying glass
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Not started - 216
Explain diverging-lens correction of short-sightedness
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Not started - 217
Explain converging-lens correction of long-sightedness
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Not started - 218
Explain white-light dispersion by a glass prism
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Not started - 219
Order visible colours by wavelength and frequency
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Not started - 220
Distinguish monochromatic light from a white-light spectrum
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Not started - 221
Order the electromagnetic spectrum by frequency and wavelength
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Not started - 222
Compare electromagnetic travel in vacuum with sound
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Not started - 223
Explain radio broadcasting astronomy and RFID
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Not started - 224
Explain microwave communication and oven heating
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Not started - 225
Explain infrared heating sensing and short-range links
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Not started - 226
Explain visible light in vision photography and illumination
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Not started - 227
Explain ultraviolet security marking and water sterilisation
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Not started - 228
Explain X-ray medical and security scanning
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Not started - 229
Explain gamma-ray sterilisation cancer detection and treatment
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Not started - 230
Distinguish microwave and infrared heating hazards
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Not started - 231
Explain ultraviolet X-ray and gamma-ray cell damage
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Not started - 232
Compare low-orbit and geostationary satellite communication
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Not started - 233
Calculate electromagnetic travel using the vacuum speed
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Not started - 234
Explain wireless and optical-fibre communication choices
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Not started - 235
Distinguish analogue and digital signals
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Not started - 236
Represent sound as analogue and digital information
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Not started - 237
Explain digital regeneration transmission rate and range
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Not started - 238
Explain sound production by vibrating sources
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Not started - 239
Describe sound as a longitudinal disturbance
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Not started - 240
Use the approximate human audible frequency range
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Not started - 241
Explain why sound needs a material medium
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Not started - 242
Use the approximate speed of sound in air
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Not started - 243
Measure sound speed using a synchronised visible event
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Not started - 244
Measure sound speed using two microphones
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Not started - 245
Compare sound amplitude loudness frequency and pitch
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Not started - 246
Explain echoes as reflected sound
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Not started - 247
Define ultrasound using the frequency boundary
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Not started - 248
Describe sound compressions and rarefactions
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Not started - 249
Compare sound speeds in solids liquids and gases
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Not started - 250
Use ultrasound echoes for non-destructive material testing
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Not started - 251
Explain ultrasound scanning of soft tissue
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Not started - 252
Calculate sonar depth and distinguish total path from distance
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Not started - 253
Describe magnetic pole attraction and repulsion
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Not started - 254
Use repulsion to distinguish a magnet from an unmagnetised material
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Not started - 255
Explain induced magnetism in soft iron
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Not started - 256
Compare temporary soft-iron and permanent steel magnets
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Not started - 257
Distinguish magnetic materials from other metals and insulators
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Not started - 258
Define a magnetic field through the force on a pole
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Not started - 259
Draw the external field pattern around a bar magnet
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Not started - 260
Determine magnetic field direction using a north pole
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Not started - 261
Plot bar-magnet field lines with a compass
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Not started - 262
Use iron filings to reveal a magnetic field pattern
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Not started - 263
Explain useful permanent-magnet applications
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Not started - 264
Explain useful switched-electromagnet applications
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Not started - 265
Explain magnetic forces through interacting fields
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Not started - 266
Compare relative magnetic field strength from line spacing
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Not started - 267
Interpret magnetic field cancellation and combined directions
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Not started - 268
Identify positive negative and neutral charge from particle balance
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Not started - 269
Predict forces between charged objects
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Not started - 270
Produce electrostatic charge by friction in a controlled test
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Not started - 271
Detect electrostatic charge with an electroscope
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Not started - 272
Explain electron transfer when solids are rubbed
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Not started - 273
Conserve charge during isolated electron transfer
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Not started - 274
Test electrical conductors and insulators with a complete circuit
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Not started - 275
Explain conduction and insulation using a simple electron model
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Not started - 276
Classify typical conductors and insulators without confusing magnetism
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Not started - 277
Use coulombs and signed charge prefixes
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Not started - 278
Define an electric field by its force on charge
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Not started - 279
Determine electric field direction using a positive test charge
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Not started - 280
Draw electric field patterns around point charges
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Not started - 281
Draw the field around an isolated charged conducting sphere
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Not started - 282
Draw the uniform field between oppositely charged parallel plates
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Not started - 283
Relate electric current to charge flow
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Not started - 284
Read an analogue ammeter using its selected range
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Not started - 285
Use a digital ammeter and choose a suitable range
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Not started - 286
Explain metallic current as moving free electrons
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Not started - 287
Distinguish direct and alternating current
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Not started - 288
Calculate current from charge passing a point
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Not started - 289
Find transferred charge and time from current
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Not started - 290
Interpret average current across changing intervals
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Not started - 291
Distinguish conventional current and electron flow
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Not started - 292
Define electromotive force as source work per unit charge
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Not started - 293
State and interpret volts for electromotive force
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Not started - 294
Define potential difference across a component
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Not started - 295
Distinguish voltage from charge current and total energy
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Not started - 296
Read an analogue voltmeter on the chosen scale
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Not started - 297
Use a digital voltmeter with a suitable parallel connection
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Not started - 298
Calculate source work per charge as electromotive force
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Not started - 299
Find source work or transferred charge from e.m.f.
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Not started - 300
Calculate component potential difference from work and charge
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Not started - 301
Compare source and component work accounts for the same charge
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Not started - 302
Calculate resistance from potential difference and current
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Not started - 303
Rearrange resistance to find current or potential difference
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Not started - 304
Determine resistance with separate current and voltage measurements
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Not started - 305
Compare wire resistance when length changes
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Not started - 306
Compare wire resistance when cross-sectional area changes
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Not started - 307
Sketch and explain a constant-resistance current–voltage graph
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Not started - 308
Explain filament-lamp current–voltage curvature
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Not started - 309
Explain diode current–voltage directionality
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Not started - 310
Read resistance from a specified current–voltage operating point
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Not started - 311
Scale metallic-wire resistance with length
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Not started - 312
Scale metallic-wire resistance with cross-sectional area
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Not started - 313
Combine length area and diameter changes for a metallic wire
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Not started - 314
Trace electrical energy transfer through a circuit
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Not started - 315
Calculate electrical power from current and potential difference
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Not started - 316
Find operating current or potential difference from electrical power
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Not started - 317
Calculate electrical energy using current potential difference and time
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Not started - 318
Use consistent time units and changing operating intervals
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Not started - 319
Define a kilowatt-hour and convert between energy units
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Not started - 320
Calculate appliance energy costs from kWh tariffs
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Not started - 321
Compare multiappliance daily energy and costs
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Not started - 322
Read cell and battery symbols with their polarities
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Not started - 323
Distinguish power supplies and generators in circuit diagrams
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Not started - 324
Draw switches and trace complete circuit paths
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Not started - 325
Use fixed resistors variable resistors and heaters
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Not started - 326
Interpret an NTC thermistor in a sensing circuit
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Not started - 327
Interpret a light dependent resistor and its illumination
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Not started - 328
Identify lamps motors and bells as circuit outputs
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Not started - 329
Place ammeters and voltmeters in circuit diagrams
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Not started - 330
Recognize magnetising coils and transformer connections
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Not started - 331
Interpret a fuse as a current controlled circuit interruption
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Not started - 332
Use a relay to switch a separate circuit
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Not started - 333
Recognize a three terminal potential divider symbol
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Not started - 334
Interpret a diode direction in a circuit diagram
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Not started - 335
Use an LED with light arrows and current limiting
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Not started - 336
Follow the same current around a series circuit
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Not started - 337
Construct and redraw series and parallel circuit paths
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Not started - 338
Combine the e m f of sources in series
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Not started - 339
Add resistances in one series path
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Not started - 340
Compare source and branch currents in parallel
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Not started - 341
Compare resistance before and after a parallel branch is added
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Not started - 342
Explain the advantages of parallel lamp connections
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Not started - 343
Calculate missing currents at a circuit junction
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Not started - 344
Explain junction current balance using charge conservation
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Not started - 345
Add potential differences across series components
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Not started - 346
Use the same potential difference across parallel branches
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Not started - 347
Calculate two resistor parallel equivalents
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Not started - 348
Compare conductor p d when current is held constant
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Not started - 349
Describe a variable potential divider wiper
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Not started - 350
Calculate the resistance and voltage shares of a divider
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Not started - 351
Predict sensor divider outputs and loading changes
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Not started - 352
Explain the hazards of damaged electrical insulation
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Not started - 353
Explain cable overheating and shared-socket overloads
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Not started - 354
Explain electrical hazards in damp conditions
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Not started - 355
Distinguish live neutral and protective earth
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Not started - 356
Explain why an appliance switch belongs in live
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Not started - 357
Explain how a fuse interrupts excess current
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Not started - 358
Choose protective ratings from supplied circuit limits
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Not started - 359
Distinguish overcurrent trips from residual-current protection
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Not started - 360
Explain how an earthed metal case is protected
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Not started - 361
Explain double insulation and fuse protection without earth
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Not started - 362
Recognise induced voltage in a moving conductor
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Not started - 363
Induce voltage by changing the field linking a coil
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Not started - 364
Describe a magnet and coil induction experiment
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Not started - 365
Describe a moving conductor induction demonstration
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Not started - 366
Compare factors affecting induced voltage magnitude
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Not started - 367
Use opposition to change for magnet and coil directions
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Not started - 368
Explain induction opposition through energy transfer
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Not started - 369
Use the generator direction rule for motion field and current
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Not started - 370
Explain a rotating coil alternating-current generator
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Not started - 371
Explain slip rings and stationary generator brushes
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Not started - 372
Explain a rotating magnet generator with a fixed coil
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Not started - 373
Sketch and read a simple generator voltage graph
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Not started - 374
Relate generator coil positions to voltage peaks and zeros
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Not started - 375
Read generator periods and compare rotation changes
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Not started - 376
Trace the magnetic field around a straight current-carrying wire
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Not started - 377
Trace the field and poles of a current-carrying solenoid
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Not started - 378
Describe a straight-wire magnetic field investigation
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Not started - 379
Describe a solenoid field investigation
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Not started - 380
Explain magnetic relay action and its applications
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Not started - 381
Explain how a moving coil loudspeaker produces sound
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Not started - 382
Compare straight-wire field strength at different positions
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Not started - 383
Compare central and external solenoid field strength
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Not started - 384
Predict field changes when current direction reverses
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Not started - 385
Control current comparisons in wire and solenoid fields
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Not started - 386
Describe a force experiment with a current-carrying conductor
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Not started - 387
Compare conductor movement when current reverses
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Not started - 388
Compare conductor movement when the magnetic field reverses
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Not started - 389
Use the motor rule for force field and current directions
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Not started - 390
Determine magnetic force directions for positive and negative particle beams
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Not started - 391
Check beam direction reversals and parallel motion limits
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Not started - 392
Explain the turning effect on a current-carrying coil
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Not started - 393
Compare factors that increase a coil turning effect
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Not started - 394
Explain split-ring commutation in a simple d.c. motor
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Not started - 395
Distinguish motor commutators from generator slip rings
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Not started - 396
Explain motor reversals and energy transfers
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Not started - 397
Describe a simple two-winding transformer
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Not started - 398
Use primary secondary step-up and step-down terms
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Not started - 399
Calculate transformer secondary voltages from turns
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Not started - 400
Find missing transformer turn counts and input voltages
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Not started - 401
Trace transformer roles in high-voltage electricity transmission
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Not started - 402
Explain the advantages of high-voltage transmission
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Not started - 403
Read a supplied transmission transformer chain
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Not started - 404
Explain induction in an iron-cored transformer
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Not started - 405
Calculate ideal transformer input and output currents
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Not started - 406
Combine transformer turns voltage and ideal power balances
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Not started - 407
Calculate cable heating losses with current squared resistance
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Not started - 408
Compare transmission losses at matched load power
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Not started - 409
Check voltage-loss scaling and changed cable conditions
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Not started - 410
Describe the nuclear structure of an atom
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Not started - 411
Explain positive and negative ion formation
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Not started - 412
Use alpha scattering evidence for the nuclear atom
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Not started - 413
Identify nuclear particles and their relative charges
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Not started - 414
Calculate proton nucleon and neutron numbers
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Not started - 415
Read and write labelled nuclide notation
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Not started - 416
Distinguish isotopes from ions and different elements
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Not started - 417
Explain fission with a balanced supplied nuclear equation
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Not started - 418
Explain fusion with a balanced supplied nuclear equation
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Not started - 419
Relate nuclear charge and relative mass to proton and nucleon numbers
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Not started - 420
Explain background radiation and its principal sources
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Not started - 421
Describe a radiation detector connected to a counter
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Not started - 422
Calculate count rates and convert their time units
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Not started - 423
Subtract background to find a corrected count rate
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Not started - 424
Correct radiation records with unequal observation intervals
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Not started - 425
Explain spontaneous emission and random nuclear directions
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Not started - 426
Identify alpha beta-minus and gamma emissions
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Not started - 427
Compare ionising effects and penetrating abilities of nuclear emissions
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Not started - 428
Predict nuclear emission deflection in an electric field
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Not started - 429
Predict nuclear emission deflection in a magnetic field
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Not started - 430
Explain relative ionisation through energy transfer and charge
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Not started - 431
Explain spontaneous changes in unstable nuclei
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Not started - 432
Explain element changes in alpha and beta-minus decay
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Not started - 433
Explain excess-neutron and heavy-nucleus instability
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Not started - 434
Write and check alpha decay equations
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Not started - 435
Write and explain beta-minus decay equations
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Not started - 436
Explain gamma emission in nuclide equations
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Not started - 437
Define half-life without an individual decay deadline
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Not started - 438
Calculate successive half-lives and remaining fractions
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Not started - 439
Find half-life from background-free tables and curves
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Not started - 440
Find half-life when measured counts include background
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Not started - 441
Explain the radioactive smoke-alarm application
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Not started - 442
Explain gamma irradiation of food
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Not started - 443
Explain gamma sterilisation of medical equipment
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Not started - 444
Select radiation for thickness monitoring
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Not started - 445
Distinguish gamma diagnosis from cancer treatment
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Not started - 446
Describe radiation effects on living cells
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Not started - 447
Describe safe movement use and storage of radioactive sources
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Not started - 448
Explain time distance and shielding protection
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Not started - 449
Explain Earth rotation and the apparent daily Sun motion
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Not started - 450
Explain the annual seasonal cycle from Earth tilt
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Not started - 451
Explain Moon phases using changing viewing geometry
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Not started - 452
Match astronomical observations to their repeating cycles
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Not started - 453
Calculate average orbital speed with consistent units
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Not started - 454
Rearrange the orbital speed equation for period and radius
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Not started - 455
Compare orbital speeds using both radius and period
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Not started - 456
Name and order the eight Solar System planets
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Not started - 457
Distinguish moons dwarf planets asteroids and comets
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Not started - 458
Explain Solar System formation by gravitational accretion
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Not started - 459
Explain why inner and outer planets differ
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Not started - 460
Compare planetary gravity by mass and distance
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Not started - 461
Calculate one-way light travel across the Solar System
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Not started - 462
Calculate request reply and reflection delays in space
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Not started - 463
Explain why planets orbit the massive Sun
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Not started - 464
Locate the Sun at a focus of an elliptical orbit
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Not started - 465
Analyse orbital period distance and density data
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Not started - 466
Interpret planetary temperature and surface gravity data
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Not started - 467
Explain decreasing planetary orbital speeds farther from the Sun
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Not started - 468
Explain changing speed in an elliptical orbit through energy
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Not started - 469
Describe the Sun as a hydrogen and helium star
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Not started - 470
Identify the main regions of solar radiation
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Not started - 471
Explain hydrogen fusion as the stable star energy source
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Not started - 472
Locate the Sun within the Milky Way
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Not started - 473
Define a light-year as a distance
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Not started - 474
Convert light-year distances and signal delays
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Not started - 475
Explain cloud collapse and protostar heating
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Not started - 476
Explain the balance in a stable star
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Not started - 477
Trace fuel depletion into giant stages
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Not started - 478
Trace the planetary nebula and white dwarf branch
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Not started - 479
Trace massive stars through supernova and compact remnants
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Not started - 480
Explain stellar recycling into later stars and planets
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Not started - 481
Compare the Milky Way with the wider Universe
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Not started - 482
Describe redshift as increased observed wavelength
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Not started - 483
Compare matching galaxy and laboratory spectra
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Not started - 484
Explain how redshift supports cosmic expansion
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Not started - 485
Identify the cosmic microwave background
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Not started - 486
Explain the early origin and stretching of the CMBR
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Not started - 487
Infer recession speed from a supplied redshift relation
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Not started - 488
Use a calibrated supernova to estimate galaxy distance
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Not started - 489
Calculate Hubble constant from recession speed and distance
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Not started - 490
Use the syllabus Hubble reference and proportional graph
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Not started - 491
Estimate cosmic age from the reciprocal Hubble constant
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Not started - 492
- 493
- 494
Electromagnetic waves and applications
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3 questions · 35 min · Timed practice