Biology 0610
Explore cells, life processes, inheritance and ecosystems. Connect biological structures to their functions and interpret evidence from investigations.
What you'll cover
- Characteristics and classification
- Organisation
- Movement across cells
- Biological molecules
- Enzymes
- Plant nutrition
Published syllabus exam years: 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029. Confirm exam-series and centre availability with your school and Cambridge.
Your route through Biology
Version 8
61 of 61 sections have teaching and practice
Start the learning pathwayStudy options and assessment
780 sequenced lessons provide 2340 guided, independent and application problems in characteristics, classification, cells, organisation, specimen size, membrane transport, biological molecules, enzymes, plant and human nutrition, plant transport, circulatory systems, the heart, blood vessels, blood, disease transmission, body defences, immunity, gas exchange in humans, respiration energy uses and investigations, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and recovery, excretion in humans, coordination and response, sense organs, hormones, homeostasis, tropic responses, drugs, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, sexual reproduction in plants, sexual reproduction in humans, sex hormones in humans, sexually transmitted infections, chromosomes, genes and proteins, mitosis, meiosis, monohybrid inheritance, variation, adaptive features, selection, energy flow, food chains and webs, nutrient cycles, population, community, ecosystem, population-growth phases, food supply, habitat destruction, pollution, conservation, biotechnology and genetic modification. 61 of 61 syllabus sections have linked teaching and staged practice. The earlier inheritance overview remains introductory, and the monohybrid pathway develops the relevant Core and Supplement requirements. This is not full programme completion or guaranteed exam readiness. Written practice is self-checked. Human subject-teacher review, supervised practical experience and cumulative assessment remain pending.
View syllabus coverage
The map follows all 21 subject-content areas in the Cambridge 2026–2028 syllabus. Every one of the 61 listed syllabus sections now has linked original teaching and staged practice, including energy flow, food webs, nutrient cycles, population growth, food supply, habitat destruction, pollution, conservation, biotechnology and genetic modification. Core and Supplement objectives are mapped separately. A linked section measures available teaching, not teacher approval, supervised practical competence, a mastery grade or complete assessment coverage. Written practice is self-checked; human subject-teacher review, practical work and cumulative assessment remain pending.
Characteristics and classification
- Characteristics of living organisms1.1
- Concept and uses of classification systems1.2
- Features of organisms1.3Distinguish animal and plant kingdom featuresRecognise fish and amphibian featuresDistinguish birds from reptilesIdentify mammals using hair and milk productionCompare insects and arachnidsDistinguish crustaceans and myriapodsPlace fungi in the five-kingdom comparisonCompare prokaryotes with protoctistsDistinguish ferns from flowering plantsCompare monocotyledons and dicotyledonsDescribe virus structure and host dependence
Organisation
- Cell structure2.1Compare the structures of plant and animal cellsSeparate the functions of the cell wall membrane cytoplasm and nucleusConnect ribosomes mitochondria and chloroplasts with their rolesExplain the large permanent vacuole in a plant cellIdentify bacterial cell structures and explain their functionsUse microscope images without inventing invisible structuresExplain that new cells come from existing cellsLink ciliated cells with movement of airway mucusLink root hair cells with absorption from soilLink palisade mesophyll cells with photosynthesisLink neurones with conduction of electrical impulsesLink red blood cells with oxygen transportCompare sperm and egg cells as reproductive gametesBuild the hierarchy from cells to an organism
- Size of specimens2.2Calculate magnification from image and actual sizeCalculate actual specimen size by rearranging magnificationCalculate the required image size for a stated magnificationUse a scale bar when an image has been resizedConvert between millimetres and micrometresCombine unit conversion with magnification calculations
Movement across cells
- Diffusion3.1Explain net diffusion from random particle movementIdentify the kinetic energy that drives diffusionConnect membrane diffusion with gas and solute exchangeRelate surface area and distance to diffusion exchangePredict diffusion changes with temperature and gradientPlan and interpret a controlled diffusion investigation
- Osmosis3.2Explain water as a biological solventDescribe osmosis through a partially permeable membranePlan an osmosis investigation with dialysis tubingInvestigate plant tissue in different solution concentrationsCalculate percentage mass change and estimate the no-change concentrationExplain how water pressure supports a plantUse water potential to predict osmosisDistinguish turgid flaccid and plasmolysed plant cellsExplain osmotic water uptake and loss in organismsCompare osmotic effects on animal and plant cells
- Active transport3.3
Biological molecules
- Biological molecules4.1Compare the elements in carbohydrates fats and proteinsConnect starch glycogen and cellulose with glucose building blocksConnect proteins with amino acid building blocksConnect fats and oils with fatty acids and glycerolUse iodine solution to test for starchUse Benedict’s solution to test for reducing sugarsUse the biuret test to detect proteinUse the ethanol emulsion test to detect fats and oilsUse DCPIP to test for vitamin CDescribe the two-stranded DNA double helixApply complementary DNA base pairingUse base-pair totals to check a DNA model
Enzymes
- Enzymes5.1Identify a catalyst from reaction-rate evidenceDescribe enzymes as protein biological catalystsExplain why living organisms need enzyme-controlled ratesDescribe the complementary active site and substrateTrack substrate products and enzyme reuseDescribe temperature effects from enzyme-activity dataDistinguish cold slowing from heat denaturationDescribe pH effects from enzyme-activity dataPlan a controlled temperature investigation with amylasePlan a controlled pH investigation with buffersCalculate endpoint-rate proxies and sampling limitsExplain the enzyme-substrate complex and product releaseExplain enzyme specificity through complementary fitExplain warming through kinetic energy and effective collisionsExplain denaturation through altered active-site fitExplain pH effects through active-site shape and fit
Plant nutrition
- Photosynthesis6.1Describe photosynthesis as carbohydrate synthesisUse the photosynthesis word equationConnect chlorophyll chloroplasts and energy transferConnect starch storage and cellulose walls to glucoseTrace carbohydrate through respiration transport and nectarExplain nitrate requirements for amino acid synthesisExplain magnesium requirements for chlorophyllInterpret a supervised leaf starch testUse covered-leaf evidence for the light requirementUse variegated-leaf evidence for the chlorophyll requirementTest the carbon dioxide requirement with matched chambersInvestigate light intensity and photosynthetic gas releaseInvestigate carbon dioxide availability and gas releaseInvestigate temperature and photosynthetic gas releaseCalculate gas-release rates and recognise proxy limitsInterpret hydrogencarbonate indicator in aquatic-plant studiesExplain light and dark net gas exchangeBalance the photosynthesis chemical equationIdentify light and carbon dioxide limiting factors from dataChoose a useful greenhouse change from limiting-factor evidence
- Leaf structure6.2Explain broad thin leaves as photosynthetic adaptationsIdentify the layers in a dicotyledonous leaf diagramLink mesophyll chloroplasts and air spaces to photosynthesisDistinguish guard cells from stomatal poresExplain the cuticle and epidermis in the leaf modelDistinguish xylem and phloem in leaf vascular bundlesRead genuine dicot leaf cross-section imagesRead a genuine guard-cell and chloroplast micrograph
Human nutrition
- Diet7.1Explain a balanced dietConnect carbohydrate sources with energy supplyExplain the importance of fats and oilsConnect protein sources with growth and repairExplain vitamin C sources and connective-tissue supportConnect vitamin D with calcium use and ricketsExplain calcium sources and the skeletonConnect iron sources with haemoglobinExplain fibre as roughageExplain water sources and body functionsCompare scurvy and rickets using stated dietary evidence
- Digestive system7.2Trace the alimentary canal from mouth to anusIdentify the organs that supply digestive secretionsDistinguish ingestion, digestion and absorptionExplain mouth, oesophagus and stomach functionsExplain small and large intestine functionsSeparate assimilation from egestionIdentify organs in a published digestive-system image
- Physical digestion7.3Distinguish physical from chemical digestionCalculate how subdivision exposes more surfaceIdentify incisors, canines, premolars and molarsDescribe enamel, dentine and cement in a toothLocate pulp, nerves, blood vessels, bone and gumsRelate each tooth type to physical digestionExplain stomach churning as physical digestionExplain bile emulsification as a surface-area change
- Chemical digestion7.4Explain chemical digestion and soluble productsExplain amylase digestion of starchExplain the overall protease pathwayExplain lipase digestion of fats and oilsLocate amylase secretion and actionLocate protease and lipase secretion and actionExplain hydrochloric acid in gastric juiceTrace starch through maltose to glucoseCompare pepsin and trypsin environmentsExplain alkaline bile at the duodenum
- Absorption7.5
Plant transport
- Xylem and phloem8.1Explain water transport and support in xylemDistinguish phloem transport from xylem transportLocate transport tissues in a dicot root diagramIdentify transport tissues in a buttercup root micrographLocate transport tissues in a dicot stem diagramIdentify transport tissues in a sunflower stem micrographLocate xylem and phloem in a dicot leaf diagramIdentify tissues in a published Arabidopsis leaf imageExplain how xylem vessel structure supports transport
- Water uptake8.2Recognise a root hair cell and its uptake rolesIdentify root hairs in a genuine Arabidopsis imageExplain how root hairs increase the absorbing surfaceSeparate water entry from mineral-ion uptakeTrace water from root hair to mesophyllPlan a stain investigation of the shoot water pathwayInterpret evidence from a stained shoot
- Transpiration8.3Define transpiration and distinguish vapour from liquidTrace evaporation and diffusion through a leafInvestigate wind speed and water uptakeInvestigate temperature and water uptakeCalculate a potometer uptake rateEvaluate potometer repeats and measurement limitsExplain leaf features that promote transpirationExplain transpiration pull and cohesion in xylemExplain temperature, wind and humidity effectsExplain why a plant wilts when loss exceeds uptake
- Translocation8.4
Animal transport
- Circulatory systems9.1
- Heart9.2Identify the four chambers in a heart diagramLocate the muscular wall septum and one-way valvesIdentify chambers and walls in an anatomical heart imageRecognise coronary arteries on the heart surfaceDistinguish arteries and veins by directionCompare ECG pulse and heart-sound monitoringPlan a controlled heart-rate investigationInterpret heart-rate change and recovery dataExplain coronary artery blockage and muscle supplyDiscuss all seven coronary disease risk factorsExplain diet and exercise in coronary risk reductionLocate atrioventricular and semilunar valvesIdentify valve categories in a prepared-heart photographExplain the different ventricular wall thicknessesExplain why atrial walls are thinner than ventricular wallsExplain how the septum separates oxygenated and deoxygenated bloodCoordinate contraction and valve action in a cardiac cycleExplain why activity increases heart rate
- Blood vessels9.3Compare artery vein and capillary structureExplain how venous valves prevent backflowState the exchange functions of capillariesIdentify the main vessels connected to the heartTrace pulmonary vessels between heart and lungsIdentify renal artery and renal vein routesIdentify main vessels in a whole-body anatomical imageRelate arterial wall structure to blood pressureRelate venous structure to low-pressure returnExplain capillary adaptations for efficient exchangeIdentify the three liver blood-vessel routesRecognise hepatic vessels in a published liver image
- Blood9.4List the four main components of bloodIdentify red and white blood cells in diagramsIdentify red and white cells in a blood photomicrographExplain oxygen transport by red blood cellsState the defence functions of white blood cellsExplain the role of platelets in clottingExplain all six required plasma transport rolesExplain why clotting limits blood loss and pathogen entryIdentify lymphocytes and phagocytes in diagramsRecognise lymphocytes and phagocytes in photomicrographsExplain antibody production by lymphocytesExplain engulfing pathogens by phagocytosisDescribe fibrinogen conversion during clottingExplain how a fibrin mesh helps seal a damaged site
Diseases and immunity
- Diseases and immunity10.1Define a pathogen using disease causationDistinguish transmissible disease from other illnessTrace direct contact through blood and body fluidsExplain indirect spread through surfaces and airTrace transmission through food water and animalsDescribe skin and nose hairs as body defencesExplain mucus stomach acid and white-cell defenceExplain clean water supply and sewage treatmentExplain hygienic food preparation and personal hygieneExplain waste disposal in disease controlExplain active immunity through antibody productionUse antigen shapes to explain antibody specificityExplain antibody binding and pathogen destructionExplain active immunity after infection or vaccinationOutline vaccination and memory-cell productionExplain vaccination as a control of disease spreadExplain passive immunity across the placentaExplain breast milk and passive protection in infantsCompare active and passive immunity by source and memoryDescribe cholera and its contaminated-water routeExplain cholera toxin and chloride secretionExplain osmotic diarrhoea dehydration and ion loss
Human gas exchange
- Gas exchange in humans11.1Describe large area and thin gas-exchange surfacesDescribe blood supply and ventilation at alveoliIdentify larynx trachea bronchi and bronchioles in a diagramIdentify lungs ribs intercostal muscles and diaphragm in a diagramIdentify alveoli and their associated capillaries in a diagramIdentify major respiratory organs in a published imageIdentify ribs and intercostal muscles in a published imageIdentify bronchioles alveoli and capillaries in a published imageUse limewater to test for carbon dioxidePlan a fair inspired and expired air comparisonInterpret repeated limewater cloudiness timingsCompare oxygen and carbon dioxide in inspired and expired airCompare water vapour in inspired and expired airCalculate breathing rate from timed countsRead breathing depth and rate from a volume traceInvestigate activity effects and breathing recoveryIdentify internal and external intercostal layers in a diagramIdentify intercostal layers in a published thorax imageExplain how tracheal cartilage keeps the airway openExplain inspiration through thorax volume and pressureDistinguish quiet and forced expirationEvaluate a bell-jar ventilation modelExplain oxygen and carbon dioxide changes through respirationExplain how moist surfaces change expired airExplain activity carbon dioxide and breathing controlExplain goblet cells mucus and cilia in airway protection
Respiration
- Respiration12.1
- Aerobic respiration12.2
- Anaerobic respiration12.3Define anaerobic respiration without oxygen useCompare energy release per glucose moleculeUse the yeast anaerobic word equationInterpret yeast gas evidence and fermentation contextsUse the muscle anaerobic word equationBalance the yeast anaerobic chemical equationApply yeast equation amount ratiosExplain lactic acid accumulation and oxygen debtExplain all three parts of oxygen debt removalInterpret exercise recovery data within the model
Human excretion
- Excretion in humans13.1Trace carbon dioxide excretion through the lungsDistinguish metabolic excretion from egestionName urea excess water and ions excreted by kidneysExplain why kidney excretion removes excess amountsIdentify the four urinary structures in a diagramDistinguish ureters urethra and renal blood vesselsIdentify urinary organs in a published system imageIdentify cortex and medulla in a kidney diagramIdentify cortex and medulla in a published kidney sectionTrace a nephron and its associated blood vesselsName all four substances filtered at the glomerulusCompare blood initial filtrate and final urineState all three nephron reabsorption quantitiesCalculate a supplied reabsorption balanceExplain the final urine mixture after reabsorptionConnect kidney processing with blood and urine routesExplain liver assimilation of amino acidsLocate urea formation from excess amino acidsExplain removal of nitrogen in deaminationDistinguish protein building from excess amino acid breakdownExplain why urea excretion prevents harmful accumulationInterpret an invented urea production and removal balance
Coordination and response
- Coordination and response14.1Describe electrical impulses travelling along neuronesIdentify the brain and spinal cord as the CNSDescribe peripheral nerves and their connectionsExplain nervous coordination and regulation of body functionsIdentify sensory relay and motor neurones in a diagramIdentify neurone roles in a published reflex imageCompare the three neurone roles within a reflex pathwayOrder all five parts of a simple reflex arcTrace a supplied withdrawal reflex from stimulus to movementDistinguish receptors from muscle and gland effectorsExplain automatic and rapid reflex coordinationInterpret supplied reflex and deliberate response timesDescribe a synapse as a junction between neuronesIdentify the structures of a chemical synapseIdentify vesicles gap and receptors in a published synapse imageOrder the four events at a chemical synapseExplain neurotransmitter diffusion and receptor bindingConnect synaptic transmission with the next electrical impulseExplain one-way transmission at the supplied chemical synapsePredict the effect of a specified synaptic interruption
- Sense organs14.2Describe sense organs as groups of receptor cellsMatch the five required stimuli with sensory examplesIdentify the seven Core eye structures in a diagramIdentify the seven Core structures in a published eye imageConnect cornea iris pupil and lens with light entry and focusConnect retinal receptors and optic nerve impulses with visionDistinguish the blind spot from the receptor-containing retinaExplain pupil diameter changes with light intensityInterpret invented pupil diameter and opening area dataExplain the bright light pupil reflex with antagonistic iris musclesExplain the dim light pupil reflex with antagonistic iris musclesExplain accommodation for a near objectExplain accommodation for a distant objectCompare accommodation chains and predict a supplied tension constraintDescribe rod and cone distribution in the retinaConnect rod sensitivity with night vision and cones with colour visionExplain the three cone types and overlapping colour responsesLocate the fovea in an original eye diagram and explain its functionLocate the fovea in a published eye image and explain its functionCompare the fovea blind spot and other retinal regions
- Hormones14.3Describe a hormone and trace its blood-borne routeDistinguish hormone delivery from a specific target responseIdentify the four required endocrine glands in original diagramsIdentify glands in the published ovarian anatomy imageIdentify glands in the published testicular anatomy imageMatch adrenal glands and pancreas with their Core hormonesMatch ovaries and testes with their required hormonesDescribe the three Core fight-or-flight effects of adrenalineInterpret the three Core adrenaline response measurementsCompare nervous and hormonal control by speed of actionCompare nervous and hormonal control by duration of effectInterpret onset and duration in supplied control recordsState the pancreatic source of glucagonDescribe adrenaline raising blood glucose concentrationConnect both Supplement metabolic effects of adrenalineInterpret glucose and heart-rate changes in a metabolic record
- Homeostasis14.4Describe homeostasis as a stable internal environmentDistinguish internal variables from external changesState that insulin decreases blood glucose concentrationInterpret a supplied insulin concentration responseExplain negative feedback around a set pointDistinguish corrective feedback from reinforcing changeExplain insulin and liver storage after glucose risesExplain glucagon and liver release when glucose fallsConnect both branches of blood glucose regulationInterpret high and low glucose feedback recordsOutline the treatment of Type 1 diabetesIdentify seven skin structures in an original diagramIdentify the required structures in a published skin imageDistinguish a receptor from a sensory neurone in an imageExplain insulation by hair and fatty tissueExplain how sweat evaporation removes heatExplain shivering as metabolic heat productionExplain the brain coordinating temperature responsesExplain vasodilation supplying surface capillariesExplain vasoconstriction conserving body heatInterpret warm and cold temperature correction dataConnect the complete temperature regulation loop
- Tropic responses14.5Describe gravitropism as directional plant growthCompare gravitropism in roots and shootsDescribe phototropism relative to the light sourceCompare shoot and root responses to directional lightInvestigate gravitropism in seedling rootsInvestigate gravitropism in seedling shootsInvestigate phototropism in seedling shootsInvestigate phototropism in visible seedling rootsInterpret repeated root and shoot response dataEvaluate the quality of a tropism investigationExplain tropic shoot growth as chemical controlTrace auxin from the shoot tip to growing tissueExplain cell elongation and the direction of a shoot curveExplain shoot phototropism through auxin distributionExplain shoot gravitropism through auxin distributionPredict balanced growth and a changed light directionInterpret controlled evidence for a shoot-tip signalApply differential elongation data to shoot tropisms
Drugs
- Drugs15.1Describe a drug by its effect on body chemistryInterpret a model drug effect on a chemical reactionDescribe antibiotics as treatments for bacterial infectionsDistinguish antibiotic targets from virusesDescribe antibiotic resistance in bacteriaCalculate survival in a model antibiotic exposureApply a stated antibiotic response tableConnect the four Core drug requirementsExplain selection of resistant bacteriaExplain why antibiotics should be used only when essentialUse MRSA as an example of antibiotic-resistant bacteriaInterpret selection and reproduction in bacterial count data
Reproduction
- Asexual reproduction16.1Define asexual reproduction using parent and offspring linksDistinguish clone genotype from appearance and mutationIdentify bacterial binary fission in a sequenceIdentify budding from a parent and outgrowthIdentify strawberry runner daughter plantsIdentify potato stem tubers as vegetative propagationIdentify bulb offsets as new one-parent plantsIdentify a rooted stem cutting as asexual propagationRecognise asexual examples in published photographsClassify reproductive events from their evidenceInterpret a stated binary-fission population modelEvaluate a controlled cutting-establishment investigationDiscuss asexual advantages for wild populationsDiscuss asexual disadvantages for wild populationsInterpret a model of clone and mixed-genotype survivalDiscuss asexual advantages for crop productionDiscuss asexual risks for crop productionCompare crop-establishment data and weigh both population contexts
- Sexual reproduction16.2Define sexual reproduction from gametes to offspringDescribe fertilisation as fusion of gamete nucleiDistinguish gametes, a zygote and later developmentExplain genetic variation without relying on appearanceRecognise sexual self-fertilisation with one adultClassify reproductive histories using nuclear eventsState haploid gamete and diploid zygote nucleiTrace chromosome contributions into a zygote modelCalculate chromosome counts from stipulated diploid modelsDiscuss sexual reproduction benefits in wild populationsDiscuss sexual reproduction costs in wild populationsInterpret inherited-response survival modelsDiscuss sexual reproduction benefits for crop breedingDiscuss sexual reproduction costs for crop productionInterpret seed-establishment percentages and evidence limitsWeigh sexual reproduction in wild and crop contexts
- Sexual reproduction in plants16.3Locate all ten flower structures in a cutaway modelExplain anther and filament functions within a stamenExplain stigma style ovary and ovule functions within a carpelConnect sepal and petal structure with their functionsDraw and label the required flower structuresIdentify visible structures in a numbered flower photographIdentify ovary and ovules in a real cut-section photographIdentify exposed hanging anthers in a wind-flower photographIdentify feathery stigmas in a wind-flower photographCompare insect-carried and wind-carried pollen grainsDefine pollination as transfer from anther to stigmaLocate fertilisation inside an ovuleExplain insect-flower adaptations through visitor contactExplain wind-flower adaptations through release and interceptionCompare insect and wind flowers using matched functionsDescribe the three required conditions for seed germinationPlan a controlled water requirement investigationPlan a controlled oxygen requirement investigationInvestigate suitable temperature using repeated seed countsInterpret germination data with correct denominators and limitsEvaluate a germination investigation before drawing conclusionsDefine self-pollination using the identity of the plantDefine cross-pollination using different same-species plantsDiscuss potential variation after self and cross pollinationConnect population variation with changing environmentsDiscuss reliance on pollinators for self and cross routesDiscuss all three population effects of self and cross pollinationTrace pollen-tube growth from stigma through styleConnect pollen-tube entry into an ovule with fertilisation
- Sexual reproduction in humans16.4Identify the six required male reproductive structuresExplain testis and scrotum functionsTrace sperm transport and prostate fluid additionDistinguish the shared urethra from sperm ducts and uretersIdentify the five required female reproductive structuresDistinguish egg production from oviduct transportExplain uterus cervix and vagina functionsCompare male and female reproductive organ routesDescribe human fertilisation as gamete nuclear fusionOrder gamete transport fertilisation and later developmentExplain flagellum mitochondria and acrosome adaptationsEvaluate sperm structure and function explanationsExplain egg energy stores and the changing jelly coatDistinguish egg coat change from sperm acrosome actionCompare sperm and egg size structure motility and numbersInterpret gamete counts and comparison evidenceTrace zygote division into an early embryoLocate early embryo implantation in the uterine liningIdentify placenta umbilical cord amniotic sac and fluidDistinguish the placenta from the umbilical cordExplain amniotic sac and fluid functionsExplain the sequence from zygote to fetal supportExplain nutrient gas and waste exchange at the placentaTrace fetal blood between placenta and fetusInterpret a bounded placental exchange modelExplain how some pathogens and toxins can cross the placenta
- Sex hormones in humans16.5Distinguish secondary sexual characteristics from reproductive organsExplain testosterone in secondary sexual developmentExplain oestrogen in secondary sexual developmentCompare testosterone and oestrogen explanations at pubertyDescribe follicle development ovulation and the corpus luteumDescribe shedding rebuilding and maintenance of the uterine liningMatch ovarian events with changes in the uterine liningInterpret cycle length and event timing without fixed-day assumptionsLocate oestrogen production through the ovarian cycleLocate progesterone production after ovulationDescribe changing oestrogen and progesterone sources in pregnancyExplain FSH action on developing ovarian folliclesExplain the LH surge ovulation and corpus luteum formationExplain oestrogen rebuilding and changing pituitary feedbackExplain progesterone lining maintenance and pituitary inhibitionExplain the four-hormone sequence in a non-pregnant cycleRead the order of peaks on an illustrative hormone graphCalculate a model progesterone change and explain its limitsExplain continued hormone support during pregnancyRepair explanations of cycle hormones and pregnancy support
- Sexually transmitted infections16.6Define a sexually transmitted infection using its transmission routeClassify transmission evidence without assuming every STI spreads identicallyIdentify HIV as a viral pathogen that can cause an STIExplain why HIV infection may lead to AIDSEvaluate HIV progression evidence without diagnosing from symptomsExplain HIV sexual transmission through fluids and entry tissuesExplain HIV blood exposure and contaminated injection equipmentDescribe HIV transmission during pregnancy birth and breastfeedingReject myths about HIV and ordinary classroom contactConnect each STI control measure with the route it interruptsExplain condom barriers and their limits for different STIsExplain STI testing follow-up and appropriate care without symptom-based diagnosisDistinguish HIV treatment control from cure and explain sexual U equals UExplain why STI vaccines protect against specific pathogensCalculate fictional STI test positivity and distinguish evidence from causal claimsBuild a route-specific STI control explanation and evaluate its limits
Inheritance
- Chromosomes, genes and proteins17.1Describe chromosomes as DNA carrying genesTrace nucleus chromosome DNA and gene in an original modelDefine a protein-coding gene as a length of DNADistinguish gene information protein product and a cell functionDefine an allele as an alternative form of a geneUse paired gene-position models without confusing genes and allelesExplain human X and Y chromosome inheritance in the syllabus modelInterpret independent XX and XY outcomes without a guaranteed family ratioLink gene base order with the order of amino acids in a proteinExplain how amino-acid sequence can affect protein shapeKeep the gene in the nucleus while its information is usedDescribe mRNA as the information copy made in the nucleusTrace mRNA movement from nucleus to cytoplasmDescribe mRNA passing through a ribosomeExplain the ribosome assembling amino acids into proteinExplain mRNA base sequence determining amino-acid orderExplain all six required links in protein productionExplain DNA controlling cell reactions through enzyme proteinsExplain DNA controlling transport through membrane carrier proteinsExplain DNA controlling response through neurotransmitter receptorsExplain different cell functions through selective gene expressionInterpret original expression records without confusing RNA counts and gene absenceDescribe a haploid nucleus as one chromosome setDistinguish chromosome-set number from total chromosome countDescribe a diploid nucleus using two chromosome setsDistinguish 23 pairs 46 chromosomes and the human gamete totalRead chromosome pairing evidence without equating pairs with identical genesIntegrate genes proteins expression and chromosome counts in a bounded review
- Mitosis17.2Describe mitosis as nuclear division producing genetically identical cellsDistinguish genetic identity from identical appearance or functionDistinguish two daughter nuclei from two completed daughter cellsExplain why normal mitosis maintains the chromosome numberExplain the role of mitosis in growth of multicellular organismsExplain the role of mitosis in repair of damaged tissuesExplain cell replacement without confusing turnover with net growthExplain mitosis in eukaryotic asexual reproductionCompare all four required roles of mitosisExplain exact chromosome replication before mitosisDistinguish sister chromosome copies from homologous chromosome pairsExplain separation of chromosome copies into complete daughter complementsTrace both chromosome sets through normal mitosisCheck the usual human chromosome count through normal mitosisInterpret conditional mitotic lineage counts without inventing a growth rateDescribe stem cells and the potential of their daughter cellsInterpret a stated stem-cell renewal and specialisation modelExplain how mitotic daughters can specialise while retaining shared genesEvaluate original stem-cell descendant records with clear evidence limitsReview all five mitosis requirements with a complete copying and cell-state explanation
- Meiosis17.3Explain the involvement of meiosis in gamete productionExplain reduction from diploid to haploid chromosome setsTrace the usual human chromosome reduction from forty-six to twenty-threeDistinguish chromosome copying from reduction in a meiotic count modelCheck that a haploid product contains one of each chromosome typeExplain genetic differences between meiotic products without promising universal uniquenessInterpret potential gamete combinations in a bounded chromosome modelExplain how reduction and fertilisation maintain the diploid complementDistinguish meiosis mitosis and fertilisation using the supplied nuclear evidenceReview gamete production chromosome reduction and genetic difference
- Monohybrid inheritance17.4Explain inheritance as transmission of genetic information between generationsDistinguish genotype from phenotype using a stated allele keyRead allele notation without confusing genes alleles and gametesDescribe homozygosity at a particular geneExplain pure breeding from identical homozygous parentsExplain heterozygosity and why a heterozygote is not pure-breedingApply dominant and recessive allele expression in a one-gene modelDerive the possible gamete alleles before constructing a monohybrid crossConstruct and interpret a Punnett square for a one-gene crossPredict a three-to-one phenotype ratio from two heterozygous parentsPredict a one-to-one phenotype ratio from a heterozygote and recessive homozygoteSeparate predicted monohybrid ratios from observed offspring countsRead an original pedigree using its symbols generations and trait keyInfer genotypes in a stated recessive pedigree while keeping ambiguity explicitInfer genotypes in a stated dominant pedigree using a recessive offspringReview all twelve Core monohybrid inheritance requirements with linked evidenceUse a test cross to investigate an unknown dominant-phenotype genotypeInterpret finite test-cross evidence without confusing likelihood and genotype certaintyExplain codominance as both alleles contributing to a heterozygous phenotypePredict codominant genotypes and phenotypic ratios from original marker crossesExplain the four ABO phenotypes and six common-model genotype combinationsPredict the ABO cross between AB and O model genotypesPredict all four ABO phenotypes from heterozygous A and B parentsPredict the ABO phenotypic ratio from two AB model parentsUse ABO genotype evidence without treating a classroom cross as a parentage testExplain sex linkage through the gene location and supplied chromosome modelUse a bounded X-linked recessive model for red-green colour blindnessPredict an X-linked cross from a carrier mother and unaffected fatherTrace an expressing father’s X contribution to daughters in the usual chromosome modelPredict an X-linked cross from a carrier mother and expressing fatherUse the correct denominator for sex-linked genotype and phenotype predictionsReview all six Supplement inheritance requirements with original cross evidence
Variation and selection
- Variation18.1Recognise variation within one species without confusing it with species differencesDescribe continuous variation using a measured range of body lengthsMeasure body length and body mass while preserving units and repeat observationsDescribe discontinuous variation using clearly defined phenotype categoriesInvestigate invented ABO phenotype counts without inferring population genotypesInvestigate pea seed shape and colour as separate discontinuous featuresExplain the usual genetic and environmental contributions to variationPlan a fair investigation of continuous variation in same-species specimensGroup continuous length records into intervals without losing boundaries or frequenciesPlan a reproducible investigation of discontinuous pea phenotypesInterpret categorical variation records with denominators and graph choicesDescribe mutation as genetic change while separating it from growth and learningExplain how mutation can form a new allele of an existing geneDescribe increased mutation rate without treating invented exposure records as practical instructionsConnect all eight Core variation requirements using measurements categories and genetic-change evidenceDescribe gene mutation as a random change in the DNA base sequenceCompare original DNA fragments without inferring protein effects from incomplete contextExplain meiosis as a source of genetic variation through different gamete combinationsDistinguish random mating from random fertilisation as variation sourcesConnect mutation meiosis random mating and random fertilisation as population variation sources
- Adaptive features18.2Explain inherited adaptive features in their environmentExplain why adaptive benefits depend on the environmentInterpret a bird-foot schematic using supplied habitat evidenceCompare survival records without confusing counts and proportionsInterpret plant structure using supplied habitat informationConnect inherited features structure and evidence in an unfamiliar caseExplain xerophyte leaf features through water-loss mechanismsExplain xerophyte water collection storage and reduced leavesExplain floating hydrophyte leaves using air water and light accessExplain submerged hydrophyte features without using floating-leaf assumptionsCompare plant adaptations using context and normalized recordsConnect hydrophyte and xerophyte mechanisms with evidence limits
- Selection18.3Start with inherited variation in a populationRelate many offspring to limited establishmentExplain competition for limited resourcesConnect adaptation to reproductive chanceExplain how alleles pass to offspringTrace all five steps of natural selectionChoose parents with desirable featuresCross selected parents to produce offspringSelect offspring that show the desired featureRepeat crop selection over many generationsApply repeated selection to domesticated animalsReview Core natural and artificial selectionDescribe adaptation across many generationsInterpret phenotype records across generationsIdentify inherited resistance variation in bacteriaExplain selection by an antibioticTrace resistant bacteria into later generationsEvaluate evidence about antibiotic resistanceCompare natural and artificial selectionReview Supplement selection and resistance
Organisms and their environment
- Energy flow19.1Identify the Sun as the principal energy sourceTrace light energy into a living organismLocate chemical energy in an organismFollow chemical energy during feedingConnect chemical energy with processes in organismsExplain energy transfer to the environmentBuild a labelled energy-flow pathwayInterpret energy-flow evidence without overclaiming
- Food chains and food webs19.2Build a food chain and read its arrowsDistinguish producers from consumersName consumer types and positionsRead a food web as connected chainsExplain the role of decomposersTrace human impacts through a food webDraw and interpret a pyramid of numbersConstruct a pyramid of biomassCompare biomass and numbers pyramidsIdentify trophic levels in chains and websDraw and interpret an energy pyramidChoose energy, biomass or numbers pyramidsExplain inefficient energy transferExplain why most chains have fewer than five levelsCompare direct crop eating with livestock
- Nutrient cycles19.3Map carbon through a cycleFix carbon dioxide by photosynthesisReturn carbon by respirationTransfer carbon by feedingReturn carbon by decompositionConnect fossil fuels and combustion to carbonFix atmospheric nitrogenDecompose proteins to ammonium ionsNitrify ammonium into nitrateAbsorb nitrate and build plant proteinsTransfer nitrogen through feeding and digestionDeaminate excess amino acidsReturn nitrate to atmospheric nitrogen
- Populations19.4
Human influences on ecosystems
- Food supply20.1Use machinery to increase food productionUse chemical fertilisers to improve yieldsUse insecticides to improve crop quality and yieldUse herbicides to reduce competition from weedsUse selective breeding to improve productionChoose and combine food-production methodsDescribe advantages and disadvantages of monoculturesDescribe advantages and disadvantages of intensive livestock productionCompare food-production systems using evidence
- Habitat destruction20.2
- Pollution20.3
- Conservation20.4
Biotechnology and genetic modification
- Biotechnology and genetic modification21.1
- Biotechnology21.2
- Genetic modification21.3
Lessons and worked examples
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- 01
Distinguish movement from sensitivity
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Connect nutrition and cellular respiration
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Recognise growth and reproduction
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Distinguish excretion from egestion
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Group organisms by shared features
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Use fertile offspring to describe a species
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Read and write two-part scientific names
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Follow a dichotomous identification key
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Construct a key with mutually exclusive choices
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Relate classification to common ancestry
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Compare DNA sequences as classification evidence
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Distinguish animal and plant kingdom features
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Recognise fish and amphibian features
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Not started - 14
Distinguish birds from reptiles
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Not started - 15
Identify mammals using hair and milk production
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Not started - 16
Compare insects and arachnids
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Not started - 17
Distinguish crustaceans and myriapods
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Not started - 18
Place fungi in the five-kingdom comparison
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Not started - 19
Compare prokaryotes with protoctists
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Not started - 20
Distinguish ferns from flowering plants
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Not started - 21
Compare monocotyledons and dicotyledons
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Not started - 22
Describe virus structure and host dependence
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Not started - 23
Compare the structures of plant and animal cells
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Not started - 24
Separate the functions of the cell wall membrane cytoplasm and nucleus
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Not started - 25
Connect ribosomes mitochondria and chloroplasts with their roles
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Not started - 26
Explain the large permanent vacuole in a plant cell
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Not started - 27
Identify bacterial cell structures and explain their functions
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Not started - 28
Use microscope images without inventing invisible structures
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Not started - 29
Explain that new cells come from existing cells
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Not started - 30
Link ciliated cells with movement of airway mucus
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Not started - 31
Link root hair cells with absorption from soil
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Not started - 32
Link palisade mesophyll cells with photosynthesis
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Not started - 33
Link neurones with conduction of electrical impulses
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Not started - 34
Link red blood cells with oxygen transport
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Not started - 35
Compare sperm and egg cells as reproductive gametes
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Not started - 36
Build the hierarchy from cells to an organism
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Not started - 37
Calculate magnification from image and actual size
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Not started - 38
Calculate actual specimen size by rearranging magnification
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Not started - 39
Calculate the required image size for a stated magnification
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Not started - 40
Use a scale bar when an image has been resized
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Not started - 41
Convert between millimetres and micrometres
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Not started - 42
Combine unit conversion with magnification calculations
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Not started - 43
Explain net diffusion from random particle movement
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Not started - 44
Identify the kinetic energy that drives diffusion
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Not started - 45
Connect membrane diffusion with gas and solute exchange
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Not started - 46
Relate surface area and distance to diffusion exchange
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Not started - 47
Predict diffusion changes with temperature and gradient
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Not started - 48
Plan and interpret a controlled diffusion investigation
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Not started - 49
Explain water as a biological solvent
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Not started - 50
Describe osmosis through a partially permeable membrane
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Not started - 51
Plan an osmosis investigation with dialysis tubing
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Not started - 52
Investigate plant tissue in different solution concentrations
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Not started - 53
Calculate percentage mass change and estimate the no-change concentration
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Not started - 54
Explain how water pressure supports a plant
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Not started - 55
Use water potential to predict osmosis
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Not started - 56
Distinguish turgid flaccid and plasmolysed plant cells
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Not started - 57
Explain osmotic water uptake and loss in organisms
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Not started - 58
Compare osmotic effects on animal and plant cells
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Not started - 59
Describe active transport against a concentration gradient
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Not started - 60
Explain active mineral-ion uptake by root hairs
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Not started - 61
Identify protein carriers in active transport
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Not started - 62
Choose between diffusion osmosis and active transport from evidence
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Not started - 63
Compare the elements in carbohydrates fats and proteins
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Not started - 64
Connect starch glycogen and cellulose with glucose building blocks
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Not started - 65
Connect proteins with amino acid building blocks
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Not started - 66
Connect fats and oils with fatty acids and glycerol
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Not started - 67
Use iodine solution to test for starch
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Not started - 68
Use Benedict’s solution to test for reducing sugars
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Not started - 69
Use the biuret test to detect protein
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Not started - 70
Use the ethanol emulsion test to detect fats and oils
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Not started - 71
Use DCPIP to test for vitamin C
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Not started - 72
Describe the two-stranded DNA double helix
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Not started - 73
Apply complementary DNA base pairing
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Not started - 74
Use base-pair totals to check a DNA model
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Not started - 75
Identify a catalyst from reaction-rate evidence
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Not started - 76
Describe enzymes as protein biological catalysts
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Not started - 77
Explain why living organisms need enzyme-controlled rates
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Not started - 78
Describe the complementary active site and substrate
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Not started - 79
Track substrate products and enzyme reuse
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Not started - 80
Describe temperature effects from enzyme-activity data
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Not started - 81
Distinguish cold slowing from heat denaturation
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Not started - 82
Describe pH effects from enzyme-activity data
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Not started - 83
Plan a controlled temperature investigation with amylase
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Not started - 84
Plan a controlled pH investigation with buffers
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Not started - 85
Calculate endpoint-rate proxies and sampling limits
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Not started - 86
Explain the enzyme-substrate complex and product release
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Not started - 87
Explain enzyme specificity through complementary fit
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Not started - 88
Explain warming through kinetic energy and effective collisions
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Not started - 89
Explain denaturation through altered active-site fit
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Not started - 90
Explain pH effects through active-site shape and fit
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Not started - 91
Describe photosynthesis as carbohydrate synthesis
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Not started - 92
Use the photosynthesis word equation
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Not started - 93
Connect chlorophyll chloroplasts and energy transfer
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Not started - 94
Connect starch storage and cellulose walls to glucose
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Not started - 95
Trace carbohydrate through respiration transport and nectar
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Not started - 96
Explain nitrate requirements for amino acid synthesis
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Not started - 97
Explain magnesium requirements for chlorophyll
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Not started - 98
Interpret a supervised leaf starch test
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Not started - 99
Use covered-leaf evidence for the light requirement
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Not started - 100
Use variegated-leaf evidence for the chlorophyll requirement
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Not started - 101
Test the carbon dioxide requirement with matched chambers
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Not started - 102
Investigate light intensity and photosynthetic gas release
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Not started - 103
Investigate carbon dioxide availability and gas release
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Not started - 104
Investigate temperature and photosynthetic gas release
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Not started - 105
Calculate gas-release rates and recognise proxy limits
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Not started - 106
Interpret hydrogencarbonate indicator in aquatic-plant studies
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Not started - 107
Explain light and dark net gas exchange
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Not started - 108
Balance the photosynthesis chemical equation
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Not started - 109
Identify light and carbon dioxide limiting factors from data
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Not started - 110
Choose a useful greenhouse change from limiting-factor evidence
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Not started - 111
Explain broad thin leaves as photosynthetic adaptations
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Not started - 112
Identify the layers in a dicotyledonous leaf diagram
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Not started - 113
Link mesophyll chloroplasts and air spaces to photosynthesis
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Not started - 114
Distinguish guard cells from stomatal pores
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Not started - 115
Explain the cuticle and epidermis in the leaf model
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Not started - 116
Distinguish xylem and phloem in leaf vascular bundles
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Not started - 117
Read genuine dicot leaf cross-section images
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Not started - 118
Read a genuine guard-cell and chloroplast micrograph
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Not started - 119
Explain a balanced diet
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Not started - 120
Connect carbohydrate sources with energy supply
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Not started - 121
Explain the importance of fats and oils
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Not started - 122
Connect protein sources with growth and repair
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Not started - 123
Explain vitamin C sources and connective-tissue support
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Not started - 124
Connect vitamin D with calcium use and rickets
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Not started - 125
Explain calcium sources and the skeleton
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Not started - 126
Connect iron sources with haemoglobin
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Not started - 127
Explain fibre as roughage
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Not started - 128
Explain water sources and body functions
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Not started - 129
Compare scurvy and rickets using stated dietary evidence
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Not started - 130
Trace the alimentary canal from mouth to anus
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Not started - 131
Identify the organs that supply digestive secretions
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Not started - 132
Distinguish ingestion, digestion and absorption
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Not started - 133
Explain mouth, oesophagus and stomach functions
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Not started - 134
Explain small and large intestine functions
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Not started - 135
Separate assimilation from egestion
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Not started - 136
Identify organs in a published digestive-system image
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Not started - 137
Distinguish physical from chemical digestion
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Not started - 138
Calculate how subdivision exposes more surface
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Not started - 139
Identify incisors, canines, premolars and molars
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Not started - 140
Describe enamel, dentine and cement in a tooth
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Not started - 141
Locate pulp, nerves, blood vessels, bone and gums
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Not started - 142
Relate each tooth type to physical digestion
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Not started - 143
Explain stomach churning as physical digestion
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Not started - 144
Explain bile emulsification as a surface-area change
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Not started - 145
Explain chemical digestion and soluble products
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Not started - 146
Explain amylase digestion of starch
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Not started - 147
Explain the overall protease pathway
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Not started - 148
Explain lipase digestion of fats and oils
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Not started - 149
Locate amylase secretion and action
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Not started - 150
Locate protease and lipase secretion and action
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Not started - 151
Explain hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
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Not started - 152
Trace starch through maltose to glucose
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Not started - 153
Compare pepsin and trypsin environments
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Not started - 154
Explain alkaline bile at the duodenum
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Not started - 155
Locate nutrient absorption in the small intestine
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Not started - 156
Compare water absorption in small intestine and colon
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Not started - 157
Distinguish villi from microvilli
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Not started - 158
Describe the structure of a villus
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Not started - 159
Explain blood capillaries in a villus
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Not started - 160
Explain lacteals and the main lipid transport route
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Not started - 161
Explain water transport and support in xylem
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Not started - 162
Distinguish phloem transport from xylem transport
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Not started - 163
Locate transport tissues in a dicot root diagram
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Not started - 164
Identify transport tissues in a buttercup root micrograph
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Not started - 165
Locate transport tissues in a dicot stem diagram
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Not started - 166
Identify transport tissues in a sunflower stem micrograph
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Not started - 167
Locate xylem and phloem in a dicot leaf diagram
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Not started - 168
Identify tissues in a published Arabidopsis leaf image
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Not started - 169
Explain how xylem vessel structure supports transport
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Not started - 170
Recognise a root hair cell and its uptake roles
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Not started - 171
Identify root hairs in a genuine Arabidopsis image
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Not started - 172
Explain how root hairs increase the absorbing surface
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Not started - 173
Separate water entry from mineral-ion uptake
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Not started - 174
Trace water from root hair to mesophyll
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Not started - 175
Plan a stain investigation of the shoot water pathway
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Not started - 176
Interpret evidence from a stained shoot
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Not started - 177
Define transpiration and distinguish vapour from liquid
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Not started - 178
Trace evaporation and diffusion through a leaf
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Not started - 179
Investigate wind speed and water uptake
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Not started - 180
Investigate temperature and water uptake
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Not started - 181
Calculate a potometer uptake rate
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Not started - 182
Evaluate potometer repeats and measurement limits
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Not started - 183
Explain leaf features that promote transpiration
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Not started - 184
Explain transpiration pull and cohesion in xylem
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Not started - 185
Explain temperature, wind and humidity effects
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Not started - 186
Explain why a plant wilts when loss exceeds uptake
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Not started - 187
Define translocation from source to sink
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Not started - 188
Identify sources and sinks from organ activity
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Not started - 189
Explain upward and downward translocation routes
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Not started - 190
Explain how source and sink roles change over time
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Not started - 191
Connect the pump, vessels and valves in a circulatory system
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Not started - 192
Explain one-way flow from the action of valves
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Not started - 193
Trace single circulation through a fish
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Not started - 194
Trace the two circuits of a mammal
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Not started - 195
Explain the advantages of double circulation
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Not started - 196
Identify the four chambers in a heart diagram
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Not started - 197
Locate the muscular wall septum and one-way valves
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Not started - 198
Identify chambers and walls in an anatomical heart image
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Not started - 199
Recognise coronary arteries on the heart surface
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Not started - 200
Distinguish arteries and veins by direction
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Not started - 201
Compare ECG pulse and heart-sound monitoring
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Not started - 202
Plan a controlled heart-rate investigation
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Not started - 203
Interpret heart-rate change and recovery data
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Not started - 204
Explain coronary artery blockage and muscle supply
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Not started - 205
Discuss all seven coronary disease risk factors
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Not started - 206
Explain diet and exercise in coronary risk reduction
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Not started - 207
Locate atrioventricular and semilunar valves
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Not started - 208
Identify valve categories in a prepared-heart photograph
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Not started - 209
Explain the different ventricular wall thicknesses
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Not started - 210
Explain why atrial walls are thinner than ventricular walls
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Not started - 211
Explain how the septum separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
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Not started - 212
Coordinate contraction and valve action in a cardiac cycle
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Not started - 213
Explain why activity increases heart rate
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Not started - 214
Compare artery vein and capillary structure
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Not started - 215
Explain how venous valves prevent backflow
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Not started - 216
State the exchange functions of capillaries
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Not started - 217
Identify the main vessels connected to the heart
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Not started - 218
Trace pulmonary vessels between heart and lungs
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Not started - 219
Identify renal artery and renal vein routes
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Not started - 220
Identify main vessels in a whole-body anatomical image
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Not started - 221
Relate arterial wall structure to blood pressure
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Not started - 222
Relate venous structure to low-pressure return
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Not started - 223
Explain capillary adaptations for efficient exchange
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Not started - 224
Identify the three liver blood-vessel routes
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Not started - 225
Recognise hepatic vessels in a published liver image
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Not started - 226
List the four main components of blood
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Not started - 227
Identify red and white blood cells in diagrams
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Not started - 228
Identify red and white cells in a blood photomicrograph
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Not started - 229
Explain oxygen transport by red blood cells
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Not started - 230
State the defence functions of white blood cells
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Not started - 231
Explain the role of platelets in clotting
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Not started - 232
Explain all six required plasma transport roles
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Not started - 233
Explain why clotting limits blood loss and pathogen entry
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Not started - 234
Identify lymphocytes and phagocytes in diagrams
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Not started - 235
Recognise lymphocytes and phagocytes in photomicrographs
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Not started - 236
Explain antibody production by lymphocytes
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Not started - 237
Explain engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis
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Not started - 238
Describe fibrinogen conversion during clotting
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Not started - 239
Explain how a fibrin mesh helps seal a damaged site
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Not started - 240
Define a pathogen using disease causation
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Not started - 241
Distinguish transmissible disease from other illness
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Not started - 242
Trace direct contact through blood and body fluids
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Not started - 243
Explain indirect spread through surfaces and air
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Not started - 244
Trace transmission through food water and animals
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Not started - 245
Describe skin and nose hairs as body defences
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Not started - 246
Explain mucus stomach acid and white-cell defence
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Not started - 247
Explain clean water supply and sewage treatment
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Not started - 248
Explain hygienic food preparation and personal hygiene
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Not started - 249
Explain waste disposal in disease control
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Not started - 250
Explain active immunity through antibody production
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Not started - 251
Use antigen shapes to explain antibody specificity
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Not started - 252
Explain antibody binding and pathogen destruction
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Not started - 253
Explain active immunity after infection or vaccination
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Not started - 254
Outline vaccination and memory-cell production
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Not started - 255
Explain vaccination as a control of disease spread
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Not started - 256
Explain passive immunity across the placenta
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Not started - 257
Explain breast milk and passive protection in infants
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Not started - 258
Compare active and passive immunity by source and memory
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Not started - 259
Describe cholera and its contaminated-water route
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Not started - 260
Explain cholera toxin and chloride secretion
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Not started - 261
Explain osmotic diarrhoea dehydration and ion loss
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Not started - 262
Describe large area and thin gas-exchange surfaces
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Not started - 263
Describe blood supply and ventilation at alveoli
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Not started - 264
Identify larynx trachea bronchi and bronchioles in a diagram
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Not started - 265
Identify lungs ribs intercostal muscles and diaphragm in a diagram
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Not started - 266
Identify alveoli and their associated capillaries in a diagram
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Not started - 267
Identify major respiratory organs in a published image
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Not started - 268
Identify ribs and intercostal muscles in a published image
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Not started - 269
Identify bronchioles alveoli and capillaries in a published image
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Not started - 270
Use limewater to test for carbon dioxide
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Not started - 271
Plan a fair inspired and expired air comparison
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Not started - 272
Interpret repeated limewater cloudiness timings
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Not started - 273
Compare oxygen and carbon dioxide in inspired and expired air
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Not started - 274
Compare water vapour in inspired and expired air
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Not started - 275
Calculate breathing rate from timed counts
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Not started - 276
Read breathing depth and rate from a volume trace
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Not started - 277
Investigate activity effects and breathing recovery
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Not started - 278
Identify internal and external intercostal layers in a diagram
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Not started - 279
Identify intercostal layers in a published thorax image
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Not started - 280
Explain how tracheal cartilage keeps the airway open
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Not started - 281
Explain inspiration through thorax volume and pressure
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Not started - 282
Distinguish quiet and forced expiration
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Not started - 283
Evaluate a bell-jar ventilation model
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Not started - 284
Explain oxygen and carbon dioxide changes through respiration
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Not started - 285
Explain how moist surfaces change expired air
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Not started - 286
Explain activity carbon dioxide and breathing control
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Not started - 287
Explain goblet cells mucus and cilia in airway protection
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Not started - 288
Connect respiration energy with movement and transport
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Not started - 289
Connect respiration energy with growth and cell control
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Not started - 290
Plan a controlled yeast temperature investigation
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Not started - 291
Interpret yeast temperature and gas-rate data
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Not started - 292
Evaluate repeat yeast trials and rate uncertainty
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Not started - 293
Define aerobic respiration in cells
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Not started - 294
Separate respiration breathing and photosynthesis
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Not started - 295
Use the aerobic respiration word equation
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Not started - 296
Balance the aerobic respiration chemical equation
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Not started - 297
Apply aerobic equation amount ratios
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Not started - 298
Define anaerobic respiration without oxygen use
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Not started - 299
Compare energy release per glucose molecule
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Not started - 300
Use the yeast anaerobic word equation
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Not started - 301
Interpret yeast gas evidence and fermentation contexts
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Not started - 302
Use the muscle anaerobic word equation
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Not started - 303
Balance the yeast anaerobic chemical equation
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Not started - 304
Apply yeast equation amount ratios
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Not started - 305
Explain lactic acid accumulation and oxygen debt
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Not started - 306
Explain all three parts of oxygen debt removal
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Not started - 307
Interpret exercise recovery data within the model
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Not started - 308
Trace carbon dioxide excretion through the lungs
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Not started - 309
Distinguish metabolic excretion from egestion
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Not started - 310
Name urea excess water and ions excreted by kidneys
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Not started - 311
Explain why kidney excretion removes excess amounts
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Not started - 312
Identify the four urinary structures in a diagram
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Not started - 313
Distinguish ureters urethra and renal blood vessels
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Not started - 314
Identify urinary organs in a published system image
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Not started - 315
Identify cortex and medulla in a kidney diagram
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Not started - 316
Identify cortex and medulla in a published kidney section
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Not started - 317
Trace a nephron and its associated blood vessels
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Not started - 318
Name all four substances filtered at the glomerulus
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Not started - 319
Compare blood initial filtrate and final urine
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Not started - 320
State all three nephron reabsorption quantities
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Not started - 321
Calculate a supplied reabsorption balance
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Not started - 322
Explain the final urine mixture after reabsorption
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Not started - 323
Connect kidney processing with blood and urine routes
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Not started - 324
Explain liver assimilation of amino acids
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Not started - 325
Locate urea formation from excess amino acids
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Not started - 326
Explain removal of nitrogen in deamination
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Not started - 327
Distinguish protein building from excess amino acid breakdown
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Not started - 328
Explain why urea excretion prevents harmful accumulation
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Not started - 329
Interpret an invented urea production and removal balance
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Not started - 330
Describe electrical impulses travelling along neurones
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Not started - 331
Identify the brain and spinal cord as the CNS
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Not started - 332
Describe peripheral nerves and their connections
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Not started - 333
Explain nervous coordination and regulation of body functions
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Not started - 334
Identify sensory relay and motor neurones in a diagram
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Not started - 335
Identify neurone roles in a published reflex image
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Not started - 336
Compare the three neurone roles within a reflex pathway
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Not started - 337
Order all five parts of a simple reflex arc
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Not started - 338
Trace a supplied withdrawal reflex from stimulus to movement
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Not started - 339
Distinguish receptors from muscle and gland effectors
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Not started - 340
Explain automatic and rapid reflex coordination
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Not started - 341
Interpret supplied reflex and deliberate response times
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Not started - 342
Describe a synapse as a junction between neurones
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Not started - 343
Identify the structures of a chemical synapse
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Not started - 344
Identify vesicles gap and receptors in a published synapse image
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Not started - 345
Order the four events at a chemical synapse
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Not started - 346
Explain neurotransmitter diffusion and receptor binding
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Not started - 347
Connect synaptic transmission with the next electrical impulse
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Not started - 348
Explain one-way transmission at the supplied chemical synapse
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Not started - 349
Predict the effect of a specified synaptic interruption
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Not started - 350
Describe sense organs as groups of receptor cells
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Not started - 351
Match the five required stimuli with sensory examples
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Not started - 352
Identify the seven Core eye structures in a diagram
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Not started - 353
Identify the seven Core structures in a published eye image
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Not started - 354
Connect cornea iris pupil and lens with light entry and focus
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Not started - 355
Connect retinal receptors and optic nerve impulses with vision
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Not started - 356
Distinguish the blind spot from the receptor-containing retina
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Not started - 357
Explain pupil diameter changes with light intensity
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Not started - 358
Interpret invented pupil diameter and opening area data
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Not started - 359
Explain the bright light pupil reflex with antagonistic iris muscles
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Not started - 360
Explain the dim light pupil reflex with antagonistic iris muscles
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Not started - 361
Explain accommodation for a near object
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Not started - 362
Explain accommodation for a distant object
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Not started - 363
Compare accommodation chains and predict a supplied tension constraint
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Not started - 364
Describe rod and cone distribution in the retina
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Not started - 365
Connect rod sensitivity with night vision and cones with colour vision
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Not started - 366
Explain the three cone types and overlapping colour responses
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Not started - 367
Locate the fovea in an original eye diagram and explain its function
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Not started - 368
Locate the fovea in a published eye image and explain its function
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Not started - 369
Compare the fovea blind spot and other retinal regions
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Not started - 370
Describe a hormone and trace its blood-borne route
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Not started - 371
Distinguish hormone delivery from a specific target response
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Not started - 372
Identify the four required endocrine glands in original diagrams
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Not started - 373
Identify glands in the published ovarian anatomy image
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Not started - 374
Identify glands in the published testicular anatomy image
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Not started - 375
Match adrenal glands and pancreas with their Core hormones
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Not started - 376
Match ovaries and testes with their required hormones
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Not started - 377
Describe the three Core fight-or-flight effects of adrenaline
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Not started - 378
Interpret the three Core adrenaline response measurements
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Not started - 379
Compare nervous and hormonal control by speed of action
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Not started - 380
Compare nervous and hormonal control by duration of effect
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Not started - 381
Interpret onset and duration in supplied control records
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Not started - 382
State the pancreatic source of glucagon
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Not started - 383
Describe adrenaline raising blood glucose concentration
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Not started - 384
Connect both Supplement metabolic effects of adrenaline
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Not started - 385
Interpret glucose and heart-rate changes in a metabolic record
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Not started - 386
Describe homeostasis as a stable internal environment
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Not started - 387
Distinguish internal variables from external changes
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Not started - 388
State that insulin decreases blood glucose concentration
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Not started - 389
Interpret a supplied insulin concentration response
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Not started - 390
Explain negative feedback around a set point
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Not started - 391
Distinguish corrective feedback from reinforcing change
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Not started - 392
Explain insulin and liver storage after glucose rises
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Not started - 393
Explain glucagon and liver release when glucose falls
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Not started - 394
Connect both branches of blood glucose regulation
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Not started - 395
Interpret high and low glucose feedback records
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Not started - 396
Outline the treatment of Type 1 diabetes
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Not started - 397
Identify seven skin structures in an original diagram
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Not started - 398
Identify the required structures in a published skin image
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Not started - 399
Distinguish a receptor from a sensory neurone in an image
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Not started - 400
Explain insulation by hair and fatty tissue
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Not started - 401
Explain how sweat evaporation removes heat
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Not started - 402
Explain shivering as metabolic heat production
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Not started - 403
Explain the brain coordinating temperature responses
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Not started - 404
Explain vasodilation supplying surface capillaries
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Not started - 405
Explain vasoconstriction conserving body heat
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Not started - 406
Interpret warm and cold temperature correction data
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Not started - 407
Connect the complete temperature regulation loop
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Not started - 408
Describe gravitropism as directional plant growth
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Not started - 409
Compare gravitropism in roots and shoots
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Not started - 410
Describe phototropism relative to the light source
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Not started - 411
Compare shoot and root responses to directional light
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Not started - 412
Investigate gravitropism in seedling roots
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Not started - 413
Investigate gravitropism in seedling shoots
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Not started - 414
Investigate phototropism in seedling shoots
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Not started - 415
Investigate phototropism in visible seedling roots
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Not started - 416
Interpret repeated root and shoot response data
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Not started - 417
Evaluate the quality of a tropism investigation
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Not started - 418
Explain tropic shoot growth as chemical control
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Not started - 419
Trace auxin from the shoot tip to growing tissue
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Not started - 420
Explain cell elongation and the direction of a shoot curve
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Not started - 421
Explain shoot phototropism through auxin distribution
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Not started - 422
Explain shoot gravitropism through auxin distribution
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Not started - 423
Predict balanced growth and a changed light direction
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Not started - 424
Interpret controlled evidence for a shoot-tip signal
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Not started - 425
Apply differential elongation data to shoot tropisms
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Not started - 426
Describe a drug by its effect on body chemistry
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Not started - 427
Interpret a model drug effect on a chemical reaction
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Not started - 428
Describe antibiotics as treatments for bacterial infections
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Not started - 429
Distinguish antibiotic targets from viruses
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Not started - 430
Describe antibiotic resistance in bacteria
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Not started - 431
Calculate survival in a model antibiotic exposure
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Not started - 432
Apply a stated antibiotic response table
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Not started - 433
Connect the four Core drug requirements
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Not started - 434
Explain selection of resistant bacteria
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Not started - 435
Explain why antibiotics should be used only when essential
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Not started - 436
Use MRSA as an example of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
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Not started - 437
Interpret selection and reproduction in bacterial count data
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Not started - 438
Define asexual reproduction using parent and offspring links
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Not started - 439
Distinguish clone genotype from appearance and mutation
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Not started - 440
Identify bacterial binary fission in a sequence
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Not started - 441
Identify budding from a parent and outgrowth
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Not started - 442
Identify strawberry runner daughter plants
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Not started - 443
Identify potato stem tubers as vegetative propagation
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Not started - 444
Identify bulb offsets as new one-parent plants
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Not started - 445
Identify a rooted stem cutting as asexual propagation
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Not started - 446
Recognise asexual examples in published photographs
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Not started - 447
Classify reproductive events from their evidence
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Not started - 448
Interpret a stated binary-fission population model
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Not started - 449
Evaluate a controlled cutting-establishment investigation
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Not started - 450
Discuss asexual advantages for wild populations
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Not started - 451
Discuss asexual disadvantages for wild populations
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Not started - 452
Interpret a model of clone and mixed-genotype survival
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Not started - 453
Discuss asexual advantages for crop production
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Not started - 454
Discuss asexual risks for crop production
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Not started - 455
Compare crop-establishment data and weigh both population contexts
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Not started - 456
Define sexual reproduction from gametes to offspring
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Not started - 457
Describe fertilisation as fusion of gamete nuclei
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Not started - 458
Distinguish gametes, a zygote and later development
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Not started - 459
Explain genetic variation without relying on appearance
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Not started - 460
Recognise sexual self-fertilisation with one adult
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Not started - 461
Classify reproductive histories using nuclear events
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Not started - 462
State haploid gamete and diploid zygote nuclei
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Not started - 463
Trace chromosome contributions into a zygote model
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Not started - 464
Calculate chromosome counts from stipulated diploid models
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Not started - 465
Discuss sexual reproduction benefits in wild populations
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Not started - 466
Discuss sexual reproduction costs in wild populations
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Not started - 467
Interpret inherited-response survival models
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Not started - 468
Discuss sexual reproduction benefits for crop breeding
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Not started - 469
Discuss sexual reproduction costs for crop production
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Not started - 470
Interpret seed-establishment percentages and evidence limits
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Not started - 471
Weigh sexual reproduction in wild and crop contexts
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Not started - 472
Locate all ten flower structures in a cutaway model
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Not started - 473
Explain anther and filament functions within a stamen
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Not started - 474
Explain stigma style ovary and ovule functions within a carpel
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Not started - 475
Connect sepal and petal structure with their functions
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Not started - 476
Draw and label the required flower structures
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Not started - 477
Identify visible structures in a numbered flower photograph
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Not started - 478
Identify ovary and ovules in a real cut-section photograph
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Not started - 479
Identify exposed hanging anthers in a wind-flower photograph
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Not started - 480
Identify feathery stigmas in a wind-flower photograph
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Not started - 481
Compare insect-carried and wind-carried pollen grains
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 482
Define pollination as transfer from anther to stigma
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Not started - 483
Locate fertilisation inside an ovule
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Not started - 484
Explain insect-flower adaptations through visitor contact
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Not started - 485
Explain wind-flower adaptations through release and interception
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Not started - 486
Compare insect and wind flowers using matched functions
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Not started - 487
Describe the three required conditions for seed germination
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Not started - 488
Plan a controlled water requirement investigation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 489
Plan a controlled oxygen requirement investigation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 490
Investigate suitable temperature using repeated seed counts
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 491
Interpret germination data with correct denominators and limits
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 492
Evaluate a germination investigation before drawing conclusions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 493
Define self-pollination using the identity of the plant
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Not started - 494
Define cross-pollination using different same-species plants
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Not started - 495
Discuss potential variation after self and cross pollination
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Not started - 496
Connect population variation with changing environments
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 497
Discuss reliance on pollinators for self and cross routes
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Not started - 498
Discuss all three population effects of self and cross pollination
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Not started - 499
Trace pollen-tube growth from stigma through style
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 500
Connect pollen-tube entry into an ovule with fertilisation
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Not started - 501
Identify the six required male reproductive structures
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 502
Explain testis and scrotum functions
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Not started - 503
Trace sperm transport and prostate fluid addition
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 504
Distinguish the shared urethra from sperm ducts and ureters
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Not started - 505
Identify the five required female reproductive structures
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 506
Distinguish egg production from oviduct transport
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 507
Explain uterus cervix and vagina functions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 508
Compare male and female reproductive organ routes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 509
Describe human fertilisation as gamete nuclear fusion
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 510
Order gamete transport fertilisation and later development
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 511
Explain flagellum mitochondria and acrosome adaptations
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Not started - 512
Evaluate sperm structure and function explanations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 513
Explain egg energy stores and the changing jelly coat
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Not started - 514
Distinguish egg coat change from sperm acrosome action
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 515
Compare sperm and egg size structure motility and numbers
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 516
Interpret gamete counts and comparison evidence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 517
Trace zygote division into an early embryo
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Not started - 518
Locate early embryo implantation in the uterine lining
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 519
Identify placenta umbilical cord amniotic sac and fluid
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Not started - 520
Distinguish the placenta from the umbilical cord
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Not started - 521
Explain amniotic sac and fluid functions
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Not started - 522
Explain the sequence from zygote to fetal support
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Not started - 523
Explain nutrient gas and waste exchange at the placenta
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Not started - 524
Trace fetal blood between placenta and fetus
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Not started - 525
Interpret a bounded placental exchange model
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 526
Explain how some pathogens and toxins can cross the placenta
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 527
Distinguish secondary sexual characteristics from reproductive organs
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 528
Explain testosterone in secondary sexual development
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Not started - 529
Explain oestrogen in secondary sexual development
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Not started - 530
Compare testosterone and oestrogen explanations at puberty
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Not started - 531
Describe follicle development ovulation and the corpus luteum
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 532
Describe shedding rebuilding and maintenance of the uterine lining
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 533
Match ovarian events with changes in the uterine lining
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 534
Interpret cycle length and event timing without fixed-day assumptions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 535
Locate oestrogen production through the ovarian cycle
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 536
Locate progesterone production after ovulation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 537
Describe changing oestrogen and progesterone sources in pregnancy
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Not started - 538
Explain FSH action on developing ovarian follicles
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 539
Explain the LH surge ovulation and corpus luteum formation
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Not started - 540
Explain oestrogen rebuilding and changing pituitary feedback
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Not started - 541
Explain progesterone lining maintenance and pituitary inhibition
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 542
Explain the four-hormone sequence in a non-pregnant cycle
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 543
Read the order of peaks on an illustrative hormone graph
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 544
Calculate a model progesterone change and explain its limits
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 545
Explain continued hormone support during pregnancy
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 546
Repair explanations of cycle hormones and pregnancy support
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 547
Define a sexually transmitted infection using its transmission route
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 548
Classify transmission evidence without assuming every STI spreads identically
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 549
Identify HIV as a viral pathogen that can cause an STI
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 550
Explain why HIV infection may lead to AIDS
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Not started - 551
Evaluate HIV progression evidence without diagnosing from symptoms
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 552
Explain HIV sexual transmission through fluids and entry tissues
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 553
Explain HIV blood exposure and contaminated injection equipment
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 554
Describe HIV transmission during pregnancy birth and breastfeeding
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 555
Reject myths about HIV and ordinary classroom contact
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 556
Connect each STI control measure with the route it interrupts
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 557
Explain condom barriers and their limits for different STIs
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 558
Explain STI testing follow-up and appropriate care without symptom-based diagnosis
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 559
Distinguish HIV treatment control from cure and explain sexual U equals U
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 560
Explain why STI vaccines protect against specific pathogens
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 561
Calculate fictional STI test positivity and distinguish evidence from causal claims
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 562
Build a route-specific STI control explanation and evaluate its limits
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 563
Describe chromosomes as DNA carrying genes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 564
Trace nucleus chromosome DNA and gene in an original model
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 565
Define a protein-coding gene as a length of DNA
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 566
Distinguish gene information protein product and a cell function
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 567
Define an allele as an alternative form of a gene
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 568
Use paired gene-position models without confusing genes and alleles
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 569
Explain human X and Y chromosome inheritance in the syllabus model
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 570
Interpret independent XX and XY outcomes without a guaranteed family ratio
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 571
Link gene base order with the order of amino acids in a protein
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 572
Explain how amino-acid sequence can affect protein shape
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 573
Keep the gene in the nucleus while its information is used
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 574
Describe mRNA as the information copy made in the nucleus
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 575
Trace mRNA movement from nucleus to cytoplasm
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 576
Describe mRNA passing through a ribosome
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 577
Explain the ribosome assembling amino acids into protein
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 578
Explain mRNA base sequence determining amino-acid order
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 579
Explain all six required links in protein production
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 580
Explain DNA controlling cell reactions through enzyme proteins
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 581
Explain DNA controlling transport through membrane carrier proteins
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Not started - 582
Explain DNA controlling response through neurotransmitter receptors
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 583
Explain different cell functions through selective gene expression
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 584
Interpret original expression records without confusing RNA counts and gene absence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 585
Describe a haploid nucleus as one chromosome set
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 586
Distinguish chromosome-set number from total chromosome count
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 587
Describe a diploid nucleus using two chromosome sets
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 588
Distinguish 23 pairs 46 chromosomes and the human gamete total
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 589
Read chromosome pairing evidence without equating pairs with identical genes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 590
Integrate genes proteins expression and chromosome counts in a bounded review
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 591
Describe mitosis as nuclear division producing genetically identical cells
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 592
Distinguish genetic identity from identical appearance or function
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 593
Distinguish two daughter nuclei from two completed daughter cells
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 594
Explain why normal mitosis maintains the chromosome number
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 595
Explain the role of mitosis in growth of multicellular organisms
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 596
Explain the role of mitosis in repair of damaged tissues
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 597
Explain cell replacement without confusing turnover with net growth
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 598
Explain mitosis in eukaryotic asexual reproduction
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 599
Compare all four required roles of mitosis
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 600
Explain exact chromosome replication before mitosis
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 601
Distinguish sister chromosome copies from homologous chromosome pairs
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 602
Explain separation of chromosome copies into complete daughter complements
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 603
Trace both chromosome sets through normal mitosis
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 604
Check the usual human chromosome count through normal mitosis
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 605
Interpret conditional mitotic lineage counts without inventing a growth rate
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 606
Describe stem cells and the potential of their daughter cells
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 607
Interpret a stated stem-cell renewal and specialisation model
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 608
Explain how mitotic daughters can specialise while retaining shared genes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 609
Evaluate original stem-cell descendant records with clear evidence limits
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 610
Review all five mitosis requirements with a complete copying and cell-state explanation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 611
Explain the involvement of meiosis in gamete production
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 612
Explain reduction from diploid to haploid chromosome sets
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 613
Trace the usual human chromosome reduction from forty-six to twenty-three
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 614
Distinguish chromosome copying from reduction in a meiotic count model
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 615
Check that a haploid product contains one of each chromosome type
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 616
Explain genetic differences between meiotic products without promising universal uniqueness
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 617
Interpret potential gamete combinations in a bounded chromosome model
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 618
Explain how reduction and fertilisation maintain the diploid complement
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 619
Distinguish meiosis mitosis and fertilisation using the supplied nuclear evidence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 620
Review gamete production chromosome reduction and genetic difference
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 621
Explain inheritance as transmission of genetic information between generations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 622
Distinguish genotype from phenotype using a stated allele key
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 623
Read allele notation without confusing genes alleles and gametes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 624
Describe homozygosity at a particular gene
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 625
Explain pure breeding from identical homozygous parents
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 626
Explain heterozygosity and why a heterozygote is not pure-breeding
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 627
Apply dominant and recessive allele expression in a one-gene model
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 628
Derive the possible gamete alleles before constructing a monohybrid cross
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 629
Construct and interpret a Punnett square for a one-gene cross
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 630
Predict a three-to-one phenotype ratio from two heterozygous parents
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 631
Predict a one-to-one phenotype ratio from a heterozygote and recessive homozygote
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 632
Separate predicted monohybrid ratios from observed offspring counts
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 633
Read an original pedigree using its symbols generations and trait key
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 634
Infer genotypes in a stated recessive pedigree while keeping ambiguity explicit
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 635
Infer genotypes in a stated dominant pedigree using a recessive offspring
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 636
Review all twelve Core monohybrid inheritance requirements with linked evidence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 637
Use a test cross to investigate an unknown dominant-phenotype genotype
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 638
Interpret finite test-cross evidence without confusing likelihood and genotype certainty
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 639
Explain codominance as both alleles contributing to a heterozygous phenotype
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 640
Predict codominant genotypes and phenotypic ratios from original marker crosses
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 641
Explain the four ABO phenotypes and six common-model genotype combinations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 642
Predict the ABO cross between AB and O model genotypes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 643
Predict all four ABO phenotypes from heterozygous A and B parents
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 644
Predict the ABO phenotypic ratio from two AB model parents
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 645
Use ABO genotype evidence without treating a classroom cross as a parentage test
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 646
Explain sex linkage through the gene location and supplied chromosome model
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 647
Use a bounded X-linked recessive model for red-green colour blindness
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 648
Predict an X-linked cross from a carrier mother and unaffected father
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 649
Trace an expressing father’s X contribution to daughters in the usual chromosome model
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 650
Predict an X-linked cross from a carrier mother and expressing father
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 651
Use the correct denominator for sex-linked genotype and phenotype predictions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 652
Review all six Supplement inheritance requirements with original cross evidence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 653
Recognise variation within one species without confusing it with species differences
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 654
Describe continuous variation using a measured range of body lengths
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 655
Measure body length and body mass while preserving units and repeat observations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 656
Describe discontinuous variation using clearly defined phenotype categories
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 657
Investigate invented ABO phenotype counts without inferring population genotypes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 658
Investigate pea seed shape and colour as separate discontinuous features
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 659
Explain the usual genetic and environmental contributions to variation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 660
Plan a fair investigation of continuous variation in same-species specimens
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 661
Group continuous length records into intervals without losing boundaries or frequencies
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 662
Plan a reproducible investigation of discontinuous pea phenotypes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 663
Interpret categorical variation records with denominators and graph choices
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 664
Describe mutation as genetic change while separating it from growth and learning
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 665
Explain how mutation can form a new allele of an existing gene
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 666
Describe increased mutation rate without treating invented exposure records as practical instructions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 667
Connect all eight Core variation requirements using measurements categories and genetic-change evidence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 668
Describe gene mutation as a random change in the DNA base sequence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 669
Compare original DNA fragments without inferring protein effects from incomplete context
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 670
Explain meiosis as a source of genetic variation through different gamete combinations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 671
Distinguish random mating from random fertilisation as variation sources
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 672
Connect mutation meiosis random mating and random fertilisation as population variation sources
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 673
Explain inherited adaptive features in their environment
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 674
Explain why adaptive benefits depend on the environment
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 675
Interpret a bird-foot schematic using supplied habitat evidence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 676
Compare survival records without confusing counts and proportions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 677
Interpret plant structure using supplied habitat information
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 678
Connect inherited features structure and evidence in an unfamiliar case
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 679
Explain xerophyte leaf features through water-loss mechanisms
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 680
Explain xerophyte water collection storage and reduced leaves
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 681
Explain floating hydrophyte leaves using air water and light access
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 682
Explain submerged hydrophyte features without using floating-leaf assumptions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 683
Compare plant adaptations using context and normalized records
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 684
Connect hydrophyte and xerophyte mechanisms with evidence limits
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 685
Start with inherited variation in a population
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 686
Relate many offspring to limited establishment
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 687
Explain competition for limited resources
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 688
Connect adaptation to reproductive chance
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 689
Explain how alleles pass to offspring
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 690
Trace all five steps of natural selection
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 691
Choose parents with desirable features
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 692
Cross selected parents to produce offspring
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 693
Select offspring that show the desired feature
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 694
Repeat crop selection over many generations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 695
Apply repeated selection to domesticated animals
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 696
Review Core natural and artificial selection
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 697
Describe adaptation across many generations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 698
Interpret phenotype records across generations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 699
Identify inherited resistance variation in bacteria
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 700
Explain selection by an antibiotic
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 701
Trace resistant bacteria into later generations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 702
Evaluate evidence about antibiotic resistance
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 703
Compare natural and artificial selection
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Not started - 704
Review Supplement selection and resistance
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Not started - 705
Identify the Sun as the principal energy source
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Not started - 706
Trace light energy into a living organism
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Not started - 707
Locate chemical energy in an organism
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Not started - 708
Follow chemical energy during feeding
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Not started - 709
Connect chemical energy with processes in organisms
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Not started - 710
Explain energy transfer to the environment
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Not started - 711
Build a labelled energy-flow pathway
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Not started - 712
Interpret energy-flow evidence without overclaiming
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Not started - 713
Build a food chain and read its arrows
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Not started - 714
Distinguish producers from consumers
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Not started - 715
Name consumer types and positions
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Not started - 716
Read a food web as connected chains
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Not started - 717
Explain the role of decomposers
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Not started - 718
Trace human impacts through a food web
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Not started - 719
Draw and interpret a pyramid of numbers
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Not started - 720
Construct a pyramid of biomass
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Not started - 721
Compare biomass and numbers pyramids
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Not started - 722
Identify trophic levels in chains and webs
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Not started - 723
Draw and interpret an energy pyramid
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Not started - 724
Choose energy, biomass or numbers pyramids
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Not started - 725
Explain inefficient energy transfer
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Not started - 726
Explain why most chains have fewer than five levels
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Not started - 727
Compare direct crop eating with livestock
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Not started - 728
Map carbon through a cycle
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Not started - 729
Fix carbon dioxide by photosynthesis
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Not started - 730
Return carbon by respiration
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Not started - 731
Transfer carbon by feeding
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Not started - 732
Return carbon by decomposition
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Not started - 733
Connect fossil fuels and combustion to carbon
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Not started - 734
Fix atmospheric nitrogen
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Not started - 735
Decompose proteins to ammonium ions
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Not started - 736
Nitrify ammonium into nitrate
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Not started - 737
Absorb nitrate and build plant proteins
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Not started - 738
Transfer nitrogen through feeding and digestion
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Not started - 739
Deaminate excess amino acids
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Not started - 740
Return nitrate to atmospheric nitrogen
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Not started - 741
Define a population
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Not started - 742
Describe a community
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Not started - 743
Define an ecosystem
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Not started - 744
Identify factors affecting population growth
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Not started - 745
Identify phases on a sigmoid growth curve
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Not started - 746
Interpret population-growth data
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Not started - 747
Explain lag and exponential growth
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Not started - 748
Explain stationary growth and limiting factors
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Not started - 749
Explain a population death phase
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Not started - 750
Use machinery to increase food production
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 751
Use chemical fertilisers to improve yields
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 752
Use insecticides to improve crop quality and yield
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 753
Use herbicides to reduce competition from weeds
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Not started - 754
Use selective breeding to improve production
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Not started - 755
Choose and combine food-production methods
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Not started - 756
Describe advantages and disadvantages of monocultures
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Not started - 757
Describe advantages and disadvantages of intensive livestock production
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Not started - 758
Compare food-production systems using evidence
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Not started - 759
Describe biodiversity and habitat loss
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Not started - 760
Trace human effects through food webs
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Not started - 761
Explain effects of deforestation
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Not started - 762
Explain aquatic effects of sewage and excess fertiliser
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Not started - 763
Describe effects of non-biodegradable plastics
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Not started - 764
Describe methane and carbon dioxide air pollution
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Not started - 765
Explain eutrophication of water
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Not started - 766
Describe sustainable resources and resource management
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Not started - 767
Explain why species become endangered or extinct
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Not started - 768
Describe methods for conserving endangered species
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Not started - 769
Manage forests and fish stocks sustainably
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Not started - 770
Explain why conservation programmes are needed
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Not started - 771
Use captive breeding and protect genetic variation
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Not started - 772
Explain why bacteria are useful in biotechnology
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Not started - 773
Use yeast anaerobic respiration in bread and biofuel production
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 774
Use pectinase to improve fruit juice production
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 775
Investigate biological washing powders
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Not started - 776
Use lactase and fermenters in large-scale biotechnology
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Not started - 777
Control fermenters for large-scale product manufacture
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Not started - 778
Define genetic modification and give examples
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Not started - 779
Trace bacterial production of a human protein
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Not started - 780
Evaluate advantages and disadvantages of GM crops
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Not started - 781
- 782
- 783
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