Define genetic modification and give examples
Genetic modification changes an organism’s genetic material by removing, changing or inserting individual genes; examples include human proteins and modified crops.
Exam scope and assessment notes
Core and Extended · Biology 0970, 2026–2028. Use the stated specimen features and evidence. Diagrams are schematic. Written practice is self-checked; human subject-teacher review, supervised practical competence and cumulative assessment remain pending. Cambridge states that IGCSE 0970 has the same subject content as IGCSE 0610, with 9–1 grading. This StudyForA pathway maps the 2026–2028 syllabus only. This 9–1 graded qualification is available only in a limited number of administrative zones. Confirm that your centre can enter you for this code and exam series with Cambridge International. Cambridge has published a separate syllabus for 2029. StudyForA has not reconciled that version yet; this page supports exams in 2026, 2027 and 2028 only.
Before you begin
- Know that genes are sections of DNA and that organisms use enzymes in cellular processes.
Work on paper. Try each question before revealing help, and explain why your method works.
Quick readiness check
Which is the syllabus definition of genetic modification?
What you will learn
- Define genetic modification using the syllabus wording
- Outline four examples of genetic modification
Change individual genes
Genetic modification is changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes. It deliberately changes the DNA rather than selecting among existing inherited variation alone.
The term describes the genetic change, not whether the organism is a bacterium, plant or animal. A genetic modification can be used to give an organism a new characteristic, but the result depends on the gene and how it is expressed.
Recognise the syllabus examples
The syllabus examples include inserting human genes into bacteria to produce human proteins; inserting genes into crop plants to confer herbicide resistance or insect-pest resistance; and inserting genes to improve nutritional qualities.
Examples include modified soya, maize and rice. Explain the intended trait in the particular example and distinguish the gene being inserted from the crop characteristic produced.
Pause and explain
Which example is named in the syllabus?
Worked example
A gene is inserted into a crop plant so it produces a nutrient at a higher level. Is this genetic modification, and what is the intended trait?
Show the worked solution
- Apply the definition.
- Name the changed crop characteristic.
Answer Yes. Inserting a gene changes the crop plant’s genetic material; the intended trait is improved nutritional quality.
Try a topic test
Choose Easy, Normal or Difficult. Save your answers and open worked review after finishing.
Test this topic →From guided practice to a new situation
Write your answer and reasoning first. Use a hint only if you are stuck. The model solution is for self-checking; your written work is not automatically marked.
Define genetic modification.
Give me a hint
Include the genetic material and the ways individual genes may be changed.
Compare my reasoning
- It changes an organism’s genetic material.
- It removes, changes or inserts individual genes.
Genetic modification is changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes.
Look for these in your work
- Genetic material named
- Three gene-change routes included
Give three syllabus examples of genetic modification and state the intended outcome for each.
Give me a hint
Use bacteria for human proteins and crop traits.
Compare my reasoning
- Human genes can be inserted into bacteria to make human proteins.
- Crop genes can confer herbicide or insect-pest resistance or improve nutritional quality.
Examples are inserting human genes into bacteria to make human proteins; inserting crop genes for herbicide resistance or insect-pest resistance; and inserting genes to improve crop nutritional quality.
Look for these in your work
- Three examples stated
- Intended traits matched
Explain why a crop engineered for insect-pest resistance differs from a crop treated with insecticide.
Give me a hint
Compare an inherited genetic change with an external chemical treatment.
Compare my reasoning
- The engineered crop has an inserted gene intended to confer resistance.
- An insecticide is a chemical applied to control pests; it does not itself insert a crop gene.
The genetically modified crop has a changed genetic material intended to give insect-pest resistance. An insecticide is an applied chemical used to control pests; applying it alone does not genetically modify the crop.
Look for these in your work
- Genetic change identified
- Chemical treatment distinguished
Common mistakes
- Defining genetic modification only as selective breeding
- Confusing resistance to herbicides with resistance to insect pests
- Saying a gene insertion guarantees a particular outcome in every environment
What can you explain now?
Which is the syllabus definition of genetic modification?
Compare with the explanation
Changing an organism’s genetic material by removing, changing or inserting individual genes
This matches the required definition.
After trying it yourself, choose your next review. This is your self-assessment.
Your review choice appears on Today. Sign in to sync it across devices.
Make it stick
Define genetic modification and name the human-protein and crop examples from the Core syllabus.
If you needed the solution, close it and solve the problem again from a blank page. A correct answer is stronger when you can explain the reason for each step.