Discuss sexual reproduction costs for crop production
Weigh trait unpredictability, fertilisation and development costs.
Exam scope and assessment notes
Extended only (Supplement) · Biology 0970, 2026–2028. Use the stated specimen features and evidence. Diagrams are schematic. Written practice is self-checked; human subject-teacher review, supervised practical competence and cumulative assessment remain pending. Cambridge states that IGCSE 0970 has the same subject content as IGCSE 0610, with 9–1 grading. This StudyForA pathway maps the 2026–2028 syllabus only. This 9–1 graded qualification is available only in a limited number of administrative zones. Confirm that your centre can enter you for this code and exam series with Cambridge International. Cambridge has published a separate syllabus for 2029. StudyForA has not reconciled that version yet; this page supports exams in 2026, 2027 and 2028 only.
Before you begin
- Recall DNA, inherited characteristics, nuclei and the distinction between growth and reproduction.
Work on paper. Try each question before revealing help, and explain why your method works.
Quick readiness check
Why can sexual offspring complicate exact donor-genotype preservation?
What you will learn
- Relate variation to production requirements
- Keep propagation and yield outcomes separate
Discuss sexual reproduction costs for crop production
| Feature | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Trait retention | Not every desired combination is preserved |
| Dependencies | Relevant pollen transfer and successful fusion |
| Resources | Reproductive structures and development |
| Limit | No universal poor-yield or insect-dependency claim |
Relate variation to production requirements
A grower trying to preserve one exact selected genotype may find sexually produced offspring less predictable than vegetative copies. Offspring can have different inherited combinations, so a useful parental trait combination may not be retained in every plant. Explain this cost in relation to the grower’s aim rather than calling all crop variation undesirable.
Variation can make crop development or inherited type less uniform in some records, complicating a requirement for consistent produce or timing. Actual yield and ripening also depend on environment, health and management. A sexual origin does not prove poor yield, and a cloned origin does not guarantee identical yield. Compare measured outcomes instead of using mechanism as a complete performance certificate.
Keep propagation and yield outcomes separate
For a supplied flowering crop, successful gamete fusion may depend on earlier pollen transfer and subsequent events. Some crops rely on insect visitors or compatible flowering times, whereas other routes differ. Producing flowers, gametes, seeds and developing plants also uses time and resources. Do not generalise one pollinator-dependent example to every sexual crop or equate pollen arrival with completed fertilisation.
A balanced crop-production decision considers these costs alongside new combinations for breeding, useful diversity and practical planting material in suitable species. The best route depends on whether the goal is discovery of a new combination, preserving an established genotype or meeting a specified production schedule. Written comparison does not certify a commercial breeding programme or supervised practical competence.
Pause and explain
Does one pollinator-dependent crop prove every sexual crop needs insects?
Worked example
A grower wants every plant to preserve a chosen donor genotype. Give one possible cost of sexual offspring.
Show the worked solution
- Gamete contributions can make new combinations.
- The exact donor combination need not be retained in every offspring.
Answer The desired donor genotype may not be retained uniformly in the sexually produced offspring.
Try a topic test
Choose Easy, Normal or Difficult. Save your answers and open worked review after finishing.
Test this topic →From guided practice to a new situation
Write your answer and reasoning first. Use a hint only if you are stuck. The model solution is for self-checking; your written work is not automatically marked.
Explain a possible cost of sexual reproduction when a grower wants exact donor-genotype preservation.
Give me a hint
Match the outcome to the goal.
Compare my reasoning
- Offspring can have new combinations.
- The donor genotype may not be retained in every offspring.
New inherited combinations may prevent uniform retention of the exact selected donor genotype.
Look for these in your work
- Name the variation cost
- Link it to preservation
Give a conditional production cost for a supplied crop needing insect pollen transfer.
Give me a hint
Use the stated route and its earlier dependency.
Compare my reasoning
- Visitors can affect pollen transfer.
- Transfer and later fusion need to succeed.
Limited insect visits can reduce the needed pollen transfer in this crop; successful fertilisation still requires later events, and the dependency is not universal to all crops.
Look for these in your work
- Use the specified dependency
- Separate transfer from fusion
Does sexual origin alone prove lower final yield than cuttings?
Give me a hint
Origin and measured yield are separate.
Compare my reasoning
- Environment and crop type affect yield.
- A controlled outcome comparison is not supplied.
No. Sexual origin alone does not prove lower yield; crop traits, environment, health and measured performance need consideration.
Look for these in your work
- Reject origin-only ranking
- Name relevant outcome evidence
Common mistakes
- Calling all variation a production disadvantage.
- Treating pollen arrival as proof of successful fertilisation or yield.
What can you explain now?
Does one pollinator-dependent crop prove every sexual crop needs insects?
Compare with the explanation
No; routes and species vary
The dependency is specific to the example.
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Make it stick
Explain two costs relative to a grower’s goal and qualify the comparison.
If you needed the solution, close it and solve the problem again from a blank page. A correct answer is stronger when you can explain the reason for each step.