Identify trophic levels in chains and webs
A trophic level is an organism’s position in a food chain, food web or ecological pyramid.
Exam scope and assessment notes
Core and Extended · Biology 0970, 2026–2028. Use the stated specimen features and evidence. Diagrams are schematic. Written practice is self-checked; human subject-teacher review, supervised practical competence and cumulative assessment remain pending. Cambridge states that IGCSE 0970 has the same subject content as IGCSE 0610, with 9–1 grading. This StudyForA pathway maps the 2026–2028 syllabus only. This 9–1 graded qualification is available only in a limited number of administrative zones. Confirm that your centre can enter you for this code and exam series with Cambridge International. Cambridge has published a separate syllabus for 2029. StudyForA has not reconciled that version yet; this page supports exams in 2026, 2027 and 2028 only.
Before you begin
- Read energy-transfer arrows and distinguish energy from matter in the 19.1 Energy flow pathway.
Work on paper. Try each question before revealing help, and explain why your method works.
Quick readiness check
What is a trophic level?
What you will learn
- Define trophic level as position in a feeding route
- Identify producers and consumer ranks in a stated chain or web
Position names the level
A trophic level is the position of an organism in a food chain, food web or ecological pyramid. Producers occupy the first level. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary consumers follow in order along a stated chain. When a food web gives alternate routes, name the route used to assign a consumer level.
The same organism can occupy different positions in a web if it feeds on organisms from different levels. Trophic level is not the same as taxonomic group or body size. Identify the producer first, then count each consumer link.
Use the level names consistently
A producer is followed by a primary consumer, then secondary, tertiary and quaternary consumers where present. The web may contain fewer levels on one route than another. State a level only when the food links support it; a species label alone may be insufficient for an omnivore.
Trophic levels can be represented with a food chain, web or ecological pyramid. The pyramid type changes what bar width means, but the feeding-position labels follow the same order.
Pause and explain
If an omnivore feeds on both producers and primary consumers, what is true of its level?
Worked example
In phytoplankton → zooplankton → anchovy → tuna → shark, label trophic levels from producer through tertiary consumer.
Show the worked solution
- Phytoplankton is the producer and first level.
- Count each consumer along the chain.
Answer Phytoplankton: producer; zooplankton: primary consumer; anchovy: secondary; tuna: tertiary; shark: quaternary consumer.
Try a topic test
Choose Easy, Normal or Difficult. Save your answers and open worked review after finishing.
Test this topic →From guided practice to a new situation
Write your answer and reasoning first. Use a hint only if you are stuck. The model solution is for self-checking; your written work is not automatically marked.
Label each level in grass → locust → lizard → snake.
Give me a hint
Start with the producer and count consumers.
Compare my reasoning
- Grass is the producer.
- Locust eats grass; lizard eats locust; snake eats lizard.
Grass is the producer, locust the primary consumer, lizard the secondary consumer and snake the tertiary consumer.
Look for these in your work
- Producer identified
- Each rank correctly counted
A web shows a bird eating berries and caterpillars. Explain why its level depends on the route.
Give me a hint
Compare the producer route with the consumer route.
Compare my reasoning
- Berries are plant material from producers.
- Caterpillars feed on producers, so they are consumers.
When the bird eats berries it can be a primary consumer; when it eats caterpillars it can be a secondary consumer. The assigned level depends on the route.
Look for these in your work
- Two positions traced
- Route stated
A pyramid has producers at its base and consumers in two higher levels. Explain how the level labels relate to positions in the chain.
Give me a hint
Follow energy-transfer arrows from the base upward.
Compare my reasoning
- The producer is first.
- Each consumer level feeds on the level below in the stated chain.
The base producer is the first trophic level; primary consumers feed on it, and secondary consumers feed on primary consumers.
Look for these in your work
- Base identified
- Order explained
Common mistakes
- Calling the first consumer a producer
- Giving an omnivore a single level without naming a route
- Confusing trophic level with ecological pyramid type
What can you explain now?
What is a trophic level?
Compare with the explanation
The position of an organism in a food chain, web or ecological pyramid
It is a feeding position.
After trying it yourself, choose your next review. This is your self-assessment.
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Make it stick
Define trophic level and give the correct order from producer to quaternary consumer.
If you needed the solution, close it and solve the problem again from a blank page. A correct answer is stronger when you can explain the reason for each step.