Sciences — Co-ordinated (Double) 0654
Build connected foundations in biology, chemistry and physics. Use scientific models, calculations and investigations to explain the natural world.
What you'll cover
- Characteristics and classification
- Organisation
- Movement across cells
- Biological molecules
- Enzymes
- Plant nutrition
Published syllabus exam years: 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, 2029. Confirm exam-series and centre availability with your school and Cambridge.
Your route through Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award) 0654
2028–2029 syllabus · Version 1
152 of 152 sections have teaching and practice
Start the learning pathwayStudy options and assessment
This 2028–2029 pathway maps all 152 detailed subject-content sections in the published 0654 syllabus to original teaching and staged practice. It adapts teaching from the related single-science pathways and excludes clear 0610-only topics such as classification systems, human excretion, tropic responses, food supply, population dynamics, detailed pollution and biotechnology. Some explanations may include wider single-science context. A 0654-specific objective-by-objective review, Core/Supplement audit, human subject-teacher review, supervised laboratory experience and cumulative assessment remain in progress. Written practice is self-checked and does not predict an official grade. The 2025–2027 syllabus has not been reconciled here; choose the 2028–2029 syllabus only.
The 2025–2027 syllabus is also active and is not mapped on this page. Cambridge lists 0654 as available in all administrative zones; confirm the exact exam series with your centre.
Choose your paper route
- CorePapers 1 and 3, plus Paper 5 or Paper 6
Core subject content only; the syllabus states that this route is eligible for grades CC to GG.
- ExtendedPapers 2 and 4, plus Paper 5 or Paper 6
Core and Supplement content; the syllabus states that this route is eligible for grades A*A* to GG.
- Practical assessmentPaper 5 Practical Test or Paper 6 Alternative to Practical
Both test AO3 experimental skills. StudyForA provides written practice and does not certify laboratory performance.
View syllabus coverage
The 2028–2029 syllabus lists 37 main areas and 152 detailed content sections across Biology, Chemistry and Physics. Every detailed section below links to lessons with guided, independent and transfer practice. The assessment route includes Core or Extended theory and one of two practical papers: a laboratory Practical Test or an Alternative to Practical. Online written activities cannot replace laboratory experience. This map is an initial crosswalk from single-science lessons; checking every numbered 0654 objective and each Core/Supplement boundary is still in progress. Official qualification page: https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/programmes-and-qualifications/cambridge-igcse-sciences-co-ordinated-double-0654/
Characteristics and classification
- Characteristics of living organismsB1.1
Organisation
- Cell structureB2.1Compare the structures of plant and animal cellsSeparate the functions of the cell wall membrane cytoplasm and nucleusConnect ribosomes mitochondria and chloroplasts with their rolesExplain the large permanent vacuole in a plant cellIdentify bacterial cell structures and explain their functionsUse microscope images without inventing invisible structuresExplain that new cells come from existing cellsLink ciliated cells with movement of airway mucusLink root hair cells with absorption from soilLink palisade mesophyll cells with photosynthesisLink neurones with conduction of electrical impulsesLink red blood cells with oxygen transportCompare sperm and egg cells as reproductive gametesBuild the hierarchy from cells to an organism
- Size of specimensB2.2Calculate magnification from image and actual sizeCalculate actual specimen size by rearranging magnificationCalculate the required image size for a stated magnificationUse a scale bar when an image has been resizedConvert between millimetres and micrometresCombine unit conversion with magnification calculations
Movement across cells
- DiffusionB3.1Explain net diffusion from random particle movementIdentify the kinetic energy that drives diffusionConnect membrane diffusion with gas and solute exchangeRelate surface area and distance to diffusion exchangePredict diffusion changes with temperature and gradientPlan and interpret a controlled diffusion investigation
- OsmosisB3.2Explain water as a biological solventDescribe osmosis through a partially permeable membranePlan an osmosis investigation with dialysis tubingInvestigate plant tissue in different solution concentrationsCalculate percentage mass change and estimate the no-change concentrationExplain how water pressure supports a plantUse water potential to predict osmosisDistinguish turgid flaccid and plasmolysed plant cellsExplain osmotic water uptake and loss in organismsCompare osmotic effects on animal and plant cells
- Active transportB3.3
Biological molecules
- Biological moleculesB4.1Compare the elements in carbohydrates fats and proteinsConnect starch glycogen and cellulose with glucose building blocksConnect proteins with amino acid building blocksConnect fats and oils with fatty acids and glycerolUse iodine solution to test for starchUse Benedict’s solution to test for reducing sugarsUse the biuret test to detect proteinUse the ethanol emulsion test to detect fats and oilsUse DCPIP to test for vitamin CDescribe the two-stranded DNA double helixApply complementary DNA base pairingUse base-pair totals to check a DNA model
Enzymes
- EnzymesB5.1Identify a catalyst from reaction-rate evidenceDescribe enzymes as protein biological catalystsExplain why living organisms need enzyme-controlled ratesDescribe the complementary active site and substrateTrack substrate products and enzyme reuseDescribe temperature effects from enzyme-activity dataDistinguish cold slowing from heat denaturationDescribe pH effects from enzyme-activity dataPlan a controlled temperature investigation with amylasePlan a controlled pH investigation with buffersCalculate endpoint-rate proxies and sampling limitsExplain the enzyme-substrate complex and product releaseExplain enzyme specificity through complementary fitExplain warming through kinetic energy and effective collisionsExplain denaturation through altered active-site fitExplain pH effects through active-site shape and fit
Plant nutrition
- PhotosynthesisB6.1Describe photosynthesis as carbohydrate synthesisUse the photosynthesis word equationConnect chlorophyll chloroplasts and energy transferConnect starch storage and cellulose walls to glucoseTrace carbohydrate through respiration transport and nectarExplain nitrate requirements for amino acid synthesisExplain magnesium requirements for chlorophyllInterpret a supervised leaf starch testUse covered-leaf evidence for the light requirementUse variegated-leaf evidence for the chlorophyll requirementTest the carbon dioxide requirement with matched chambersInvestigate light intensity and photosynthetic gas releaseInvestigate carbon dioxide availability and gas releaseInvestigate temperature and photosynthetic gas releaseCalculate gas-release rates and recognise proxy limitsInterpret hydrogencarbonate indicator in aquatic-plant studiesExplain light and dark net gas exchangeBalance the photosynthesis chemical equationIdentify light and carbon dioxide limiting factors from dataChoose a useful greenhouse change from limiting-factor evidence
- Leaf structureB6.2Explain broad thin leaves as photosynthetic adaptationsIdentify the layers in a dicotyledonous leaf diagramLink mesophyll chloroplasts and air spaces to photosynthesisDistinguish guard cells from stomatal poresExplain the cuticle and epidermis in the leaf modelDistinguish xylem and phloem in leaf vascular bundlesRead genuine dicot leaf cross-section imagesRead a genuine guard-cell and chloroplast micrograph
Human nutrition
- DietB7.1Explain a balanced dietConnect carbohydrate sources with energy supplyExplain the importance of fats and oilsConnect protein sources with growth and repairExplain vitamin C sources and connective-tissue supportConnect vitamin D with calcium use and ricketsExplain calcium sources and the skeletonConnect iron sources with haemoglobinExplain fibre as roughageExplain water sources and body functionsCompare scurvy and rickets using stated dietary evidence
- Digestive systemB7.2Trace the alimentary canal from mouth to anusIdentify the organs that supply digestive secretionsDistinguish ingestion, digestion and absorptionExplain mouth, oesophagus and stomach functionsExplain small and large intestine functionsSeparate assimilation from egestionIdentify organs in a published digestive-system image
- Physical digestionB7.3Distinguish physical from chemical digestionCalculate how subdivision exposes more surfaceIdentify incisors, canines, premolars and molarsDescribe enamel, dentine and cement in a toothLocate pulp, nerves, blood vessels, bone and gumsRelate each tooth type to physical digestionExplain stomach churning as physical digestionExplain bile emulsification as a surface-area change
- Chemical digestionB7.4Explain chemical digestion and soluble productsExplain amylase digestion of starchExplain the overall protease pathwayExplain lipase digestion of fats and oilsLocate amylase secretion and actionLocate protease and lipase secretion and actionExplain hydrochloric acid in gastric juiceTrace starch through maltose to glucoseCompare pepsin and trypsin environmentsExplain alkaline bile at the duodenum
- AbsorptionB7.5
Plant transport
- Xylem and phloemB8.1Explain water transport and support in xylemDistinguish phloem transport from xylem transportLocate transport tissues in a dicot root diagramIdentify transport tissues in a buttercup root micrographLocate transport tissues in a dicot stem diagramIdentify transport tissues in a sunflower stem micrographLocate xylem and phloem in a dicot leaf diagramIdentify tissues in a published Arabidopsis leaf imageExplain how xylem vessel structure supports transport
- Water uptakeB8.2Recognise a root hair cell and its uptake rolesIdentify root hairs in a genuine Arabidopsis imageExplain how root hairs increase the absorbing surfaceSeparate water entry from mineral-ion uptakeTrace water from root hair to mesophyllPlan a stain investigation of the shoot water pathwayInterpret evidence from a stained shoot
- TranspirationB8.3Define transpiration and distinguish vapour from liquidTrace evaporation and diffusion through a leafInvestigate wind speed and water uptakeInvestigate temperature and water uptakeCalculate a potometer uptake rateEvaluate potometer repeats and measurement limitsExplain leaf features that promote transpirationExplain transpiration pull and cohesion in xylemExplain temperature, wind and humidity effectsExplain why a plant wilts when loss exceeds uptake
- TranslocationB8.4
Animal transport
- Circulatory systemsB9.1
- HeartB9.2Identify the four chambers in a heart diagramLocate the muscular wall septum and one-way valvesIdentify chambers and walls in an anatomical heart imageRecognise coronary arteries on the heart surfaceDistinguish arteries and veins by directionCompare ECG pulse and heart-sound monitoringPlan a controlled heart-rate investigationInterpret heart-rate change and recovery dataExplain coronary artery blockage and muscle supplyDiscuss all seven coronary disease risk factorsExplain diet and exercise in coronary risk reductionLocate atrioventricular and semilunar valvesIdentify valve categories in a prepared-heart photographExplain the different ventricular wall thicknessesExplain why atrial walls are thinner than ventricular wallsExplain how the septum separates oxygenated and deoxygenated bloodCoordinate contraction and valve action in a cardiac cycleExplain why activity increases heart rate
- Blood vesselsB9.3Compare artery vein and capillary structureExplain how venous valves prevent backflowState the exchange functions of capillariesIdentify the main vessels connected to the heartTrace pulmonary vessels between heart and lungsIdentify renal artery and renal vein routesIdentify main vessels in a whole-body anatomical imageRelate arterial wall structure to blood pressureRelate venous structure to low-pressure returnExplain capillary adaptations for efficient exchangeIdentify the three liver blood-vessel routesRecognise hepatic vessels in a published liver image
- BloodB9.4List the four main components of bloodIdentify red and white blood cells in diagramsIdentify red and white cells in a blood photomicrographExplain oxygen transport by red blood cellsState the defence functions of white blood cellsExplain the role of platelets in clottingExplain all six required plasma transport rolesExplain why clotting limits blood loss and pathogen entryIdentify lymphocytes and phagocytes in diagramsRecognise lymphocytes and phagocytes in photomicrographsExplain antibody production by lymphocytesExplain engulfing pathogens by phagocytosisDescribe fibrinogen conversion during clottingExplain how a fibrin mesh helps seal a damaged site
Diseases and immunity
- Diseases and immunityB10.1Define a pathogen using disease causationDistinguish transmissible disease from other illnessTrace direct contact through blood and body fluidsExplain indirect spread through surfaces and airTrace transmission through food water and animalsDescribe skin and nose hairs as body defencesExplain mucus stomach acid and white-cell defenceExplain clean water supply and sewage treatmentExplain hygienic food preparation and personal hygieneExplain waste disposal in disease controlExplain active immunity through antibody productionUse antigen shapes to explain antibody specificityExplain antibody binding and pathogen destructionExplain active immunity after infection or vaccinationOutline vaccination and memory-cell productionExplain vaccination as a control of disease spreadExplain passive immunity across the placentaExplain breast milk and passive protection in infantsCompare active and passive immunity by source and memoryDescribe cholera and its contaminated-water routeExplain cholera toxin and chloride secretionExplain osmotic diarrhoea dehydration and ion loss
Human gas exchange
- Gas exchange in humansB11.1Describe large area and thin gas-exchange surfacesDescribe blood supply and ventilation at alveoliIdentify larynx trachea bronchi and bronchioles in a diagramIdentify lungs ribs intercostal muscles and diaphragm in a diagramIdentify alveoli and their associated capillaries in a diagramIdentify major respiratory organs in a published imageIdentify ribs and intercostal muscles in a published imageIdentify bronchioles alveoli and capillaries in a published imageUse limewater to test for carbon dioxidePlan a fair inspired and expired air comparisonInterpret repeated limewater cloudiness timingsCompare oxygen and carbon dioxide in inspired and expired airCompare water vapour in inspired and expired airCalculate breathing rate from timed countsRead breathing depth and rate from a volume traceInvestigate activity effects and breathing recoveryIdentify internal and external intercostal layers in a diagramIdentify intercostal layers in a published thorax imageExplain how tracheal cartilage keeps the airway openExplain inspiration through thorax volume and pressureDistinguish quiet and forced expirationEvaluate a bell-jar ventilation modelExplain oxygen and carbon dioxide changes through respirationExplain how moist surfaces change expired airExplain activity carbon dioxide and breathing controlExplain goblet cells mucus and cilia in airway protection
Respiration
- RespirationB12.1Connect respiration energy with movement and transportConnect respiration energy with growth and cell controlPlan a controlled yeast temperature investigationInterpret yeast temperature and gas-rate dataEvaluate repeat yeast trials and rate uncertaintyDefine aerobic respiration in cellsSeparate respiration breathing and photosynthesisUse the aerobic respiration word equationBalance the aerobic respiration chemical equationApply aerobic equation amount ratiosDefine anaerobic respiration without oxygen useCompare energy release per glucose moleculeUse the yeast anaerobic word equationInterpret yeast gas evidence and fermentation contextsUse the muscle anaerobic word equationBalance the yeast anaerobic chemical equationApply yeast equation amount ratiosExplain lactic acid accumulation and oxygen debtExplain all three parts of oxygen debt removalInterpret exercise recovery data within the model
Coordination and response
- Coordination and responseB13.1Describe electrical impulses travelling along neuronesIdentify the brain and spinal cord as the CNSDescribe peripheral nerves and their connectionsExplain nervous coordination and regulation of body functionsIdentify sensory relay and motor neurones in a diagramIdentify neurone roles in a published reflex imageCompare the three neurone roles within a reflex pathwayOrder all five parts of a simple reflex arcTrace a supplied withdrawal reflex from stimulus to movementDistinguish receptors from muscle and gland effectorsExplain automatic and rapid reflex coordinationInterpret supplied reflex and deliberate response timesDescribe a synapse as a junction between neuronesIdentify the structures of a chemical synapseIdentify vesicles gap and receptors in a published synapse imageOrder the four events at a chemical synapseExplain neurotransmitter diffusion and receptor bindingConnect synaptic transmission with the next electrical impulseExplain one-way transmission at the supplied chemical synapsePredict the effect of a specified synaptic interruptionDescribe sense organs as groups of receptor cellsMatch the five required stimuli with sensory examplesIdentify the seven Core eye structures in a diagramIdentify the seven Core structures in a published eye imageConnect cornea iris pupil and lens with light entry and focusConnect retinal receptors and optic nerve impulses with visionDistinguish the blind spot from the receptor-containing retinaExplain pupil diameter changes with light intensityInterpret invented pupil diameter and opening area dataExplain the bright light pupil reflex with antagonistic iris musclesExplain the dim light pupil reflex with antagonistic iris musclesExplain accommodation for a near objectExplain accommodation for a distant objectCompare accommodation chains and predict a supplied tension constraintDescribe rod and cone distribution in the retinaConnect rod sensitivity with night vision and cones with colour visionExplain the three cone types and overlapping colour responsesLocate the fovea in an original eye diagram and explain its functionLocate the fovea in a published eye image and explain its functionCompare the fovea blind spot and other retinal regions
- HormonesB13.2Describe a hormone and trace its blood-borne routeDistinguish hormone delivery from a specific target responseIdentify the four required endocrine glands in original diagramsIdentify glands in the published ovarian anatomy imageIdentify glands in the published testicular anatomy imageMatch adrenal glands and pancreas with their Core hormonesMatch ovaries and testes with their required hormonesDescribe the three Core fight-or-flight effects of adrenalineInterpret the three Core adrenaline response measurementsCompare nervous and hormonal control by speed of actionCompare nervous and hormonal control by duration of effectInterpret onset and duration in supplied control recordsState the pancreatic source of glucagonDescribe adrenaline raising blood glucose concentrationConnect both Supplement metabolic effects of adrenalineInterpret glucose and heart-rate changes in a metabolic record
- HomeostasisB13.3Describe homeostasis as a stable internal environmentDistinguish internal variables from external changesState that insulin decreases blood glucose concentrationInterpret a supplied insulin concentration responseExplain negative feedback around a set pointDistinguish corrective feedback from reinforcing changeExplain insulin and liver storage after glucose risesExplain glucagon and liver release when glucose fallsConnect both branches of blood glucose regulationInterpret high and low glucose feedback recordsOutline the treatment of Type 1 diabetesIdentify seven skin structures in an original diagramIdentify the required structures in a published skin imageDistinguish a receptor from a sensory neurone in an imageExplain insulation by hair and fatty tissueExplain how sweat evaporation removes heatExplain shivering as metabolic heat productionExplain the brain coordinating temperature responsesExplain vasodilation supplying surface capillariesExplain vasoconstriction conserving body heatInterpret warm and cold temperature correction dataConnect the complete temperature regulation loop
Drugs
- DrugsB14.1Describe a drug by its effect on body chemistryInterpret a model drug effect on a chemical reactionDescribe antibiotics as treatments for bacterial infectionsDistinguish antibiotic targets from virusesDescribe antibiotic resistance in bacteriaCalculate survival in a model antibiotic exposureApply a stated antibiotic response tableConnect the four Core drug requirementsExplain selection of resistant bacteriaExplain why antibiotics should be used only when essentialUse MRSA as an example of antibiotic-resistant bacteriaInterpret selection and reproduction in bacterial count data
Reproduction
- Asexual reproductionB15.1Define asexual reproduction using parent and offspring linksDistinguish clone genotype from appearance and mutationIdentify bacterial binary fission in a sequenceIdentify budding from a parent and outgrowthIdentify strawberry runner daughter plantsIdentify potato stem tubers as vegetative propagationIdentify bulb offsets as new one-parent plantsIdentify a rooted stem cutting as asexual propagationRecognise asexual examples in published photographsClassify reproductive events from their evidenceInterpret a stated binary-fission population modelEvaluate a controlled cutting-establishment investigationDiscuss asexual advantages for wild populationsDiscuss asexual disadvantages for wild populationsInterpret a model of clone and mixed-genotype survivalDiscuss asexual advantages for crop productionDiscuss asexual risks for crop productionCompare crop-establishment data and weigh both population contexts
- Sexual reproductionB15.2Define sexual reproduction from gametes to offspringDescribe fertilisation as fusion of gamete nucleiDistinguish gametes, a zygote and later developmentExplain genetic variation without relying on appearanceRecognise sexual self-fertilisation with one adultClassify reproductive histories using nuclear eventsState haploid gamete and diploid zygote nucleiTrace chromosome contributions into a zygote modelCalculate chromosome counts from stipulated diploid modelsDiscuss sexual reproduction benefits in wild populationsDiscuss sexual reproduction costs in wild populationsInterpret inherited-response survival modelsDiscuss sexual reproduction benefits for crop breedingDiscuss sexual reproduction costs for crop productionInterpret seed-establishment percentages and evidence limitsWeigh sexual reproduction in wild and crop contexts
- Sexual reproduction in plantsB15.3Locate all ten flower structures in a cutaway modelExplain anther and filament functions within a stamenExplain stigma style ovary and ovule functions within a carpelConnect sepal and petal structure with their functionsDraw and label the required flower structuresIdentify visible structures in a numbered flower photographIdentify ovary and ovules in a real cut-section photographIdentify exposed hanging anthers in a wind-flower photographIdentify feathery stigmas in a wind-flower photographCompare insect-carried and wind-carried pollen grainsDefine pollination as transfer from anther to stigmaLocate fertilisation inside an ovuleExplain insect-flower adaptations through visitor contactExplain wind-flower adaptations through release and interceptionCompare insect and wind flowers using matched functionsDescribe the three required conditions for seed germinationPlan a controlled water requirement investigationPlan a controlled oxygen requirement investigationInvestigate suitable temperature using repeated seed countsInterpret germination data with correct denominators and limitsEvaluate a germination investigation before drawing conclusionsDefine self-pollination using the identity of the plantDefine cross-pollination using different same-species plantsDiscuss potential variation after self and cross pollinationConnect population variation with changing environmentsDiscuss reliance on pollinators for self and cross routesDiscuss all three population effects of self and cross pollinationTrace pollen-tube growth from stigma through styleConnect pollen-tube entry into an ovule with fertilisation
- Sexual reproduction in humansB15.4Identify the six required male reproductive structuresExplain testis and scrotum functionsTrace sperm transport and prostate fluid additionDistinguish the shared urethra from sperm ducts and uretersIdentify the five required female reproductive structuresDistinguish egg production from oviduct transportExplain uterus cervix and vagina functionsCompare male and female reproductive organ routesDescribe human fertilisation as gamete nuclear fusionOrder gamete transport fertilisation and later developmentExplain flagellum mitochondria and acrosome adaptationsEvaluate sperm structure and function explanationsExplain egg energy stores and the changing jelly coatDistinguish egg coat change from sperm acrosome actionCompare sperm and egg size structure motility and numbersInterpret gamete counts and comparison evidenceTrace zygote division into an early embryoLocate early embryo implantation in the uterine liningIdentify placenta umbilical cord amniotic sac and fluidDistinguish the placenta from the umbilical cordExplain amniotic sac and fluid functionsExplain the sequence from zygote to fetal supportExplain nutrient gas and waste exchange at the placentaTrace fetal blood between placenta and fetusInterpret a bounded placental exchange modelExplain how some pathogens and toxins can cross the placentaDistinguish secondary sexual characteristics from reproductive organsExplain testosterone in secondary sexual developmentExplain oestrogen in secondary sexual developmentCompare testosterone and oestrogen explanations at pubertyDescribe follicle development ovulation and the corpus luteumDescribe shedding rebuilding and maintenance of the uterine liningMatch ovarian events with changes in the uterine liningInterpret cycle length and event timing without fixed-day assumptionsLocate oestrogen production through the ovarian cycleLocate progesterone production after ovulationDescribe changing oestrogen and progesterone sources in pregnancyExplain FSH action on developing ovarian folliclesExplain the LH surge ovulation and corpus luteum formationExplain oestrogen rebuilding and changing pituitary feedbackExplain progesterone lining maintenance and pituitary inhibitionExplain the four-hormone sequence in a non-pregnant cycleRead the order of peaks on an illustrative hormone graphCalculate a model progesterone change and explain its limitsExplain continued hormone support during pregnancyRepair explanations of cycle hormones and pregnancy support
- Sexually transmitted infectionsB15.5Define a sexually transmitted infection using its transmission routeClassify transmission evidence without assuming every STI spreads identicallyIdentify HIV as a viral pathogen that can cause an STIExplain why HIV infection may lead to AIDSEvaluate HIV progression evidence without diagnosing from symptomsExplain HIV sexual transmission through fluids and entry tissuesExplain HIV blood exposure and contaminated injection equipmentDescribe HIV transmission during pregnancy birth and breastfeedingReject myths about HIV and ordinary classroom contactConnect each STI control measure with the route it interruptsExplain condom barriers and their limits for different STIsExplain STI testing follow-up and appropriate care without symptom-based diagnosisDistinguish HIV treatment control from cure and explain sexual U equals UExplain why STI vaccines protect against specific pathogensCalculate fictional STI test positivity and distinguish evidence from causal claimsBuild a route-specific STI control explanation and evaluate its limits
Inheritance
- Chromosomes and genesB16.1Describe chromosomes as DNA carrying genesTrace nucleus chromosome DNA and gene in an original modelDefine a protein-coding gene as a length of DNADistinguish gene information protein product and a cell functionDefine an allele as an alternative form of a geneUse paired gene-position models without confusing genes and allelesExplain human X and Y chromosome inheritance in the syllabus modelInterpret independent XX and XY outcomes without a guaranteed family ratioLink gene base order with the order of amino acids in a proteinExplain how amino-acid sequence can affect protein shapeKeep the gene in the nucleus while its information is usedDescribe mRNA as the information copy made in the nucleusTrace mRNA movement from nucleus to cytoplasmDescribe mRNA passing through a ribosomeExplain the ribosome assembling amino acids into proteinExplain mRNA base sequence determining amino-acid orderExplain all six required links in protein productionExplain DNA controlling cell reactions through enzyme proteinsExplain DNA controlling transport through membrane carrier proteinsExplain DNA controlling response through neurotransmitter receptorsExplain different cell functions through selective gene expressionInterpret original expression records without confusing RNA counts and gene absenceDescribe a haploid nucleus as one chromosome setDistinguish chromosome-set number from total chromosome countDescribe a diploid nucleus using two chromosome setsDistinguish 23 pairs 46 chromosomes and the human gamete totalRead chromosome pairing evidence without equating pairs with identical genesIntegrate genes proteins expression and chromosome counts in a bounded review
- Cell divisionB16.2Describe mitosis as nuclear division producing genetically identical cellsDistinguish genetic identity from identical appearance or functionDistinguish two daughter nuclei from two completed daughter cellsExplain why normal mitosis maintains the chromosome numberExplain the role of mitosis in growth of multicellular organismsExplain the role of mitosis in repair of damaged tissuesExplain cell replacement without confusing turnover with net growthExplain mitosis in eukaryotic asexual reproductionCompare all four required roles of mitosisExplain exact chromosome replication before mitosisDistinguish sister chromosome copies from homologous chromosome pairsExplain separation of chromosome copies into complete daughter complementsTrace both chromosome sets through normal mitosisCheck the usual human chromosome count through normal mitosisInterpret conditional mitotic lineage counts without inventing a growth rateDescribe stem cells and the potential of their daughter cellsInterpret a stated stem-cell renewal and specialisation modelExplain how mitotic daughters can specialise while retaining shared genesEvaluate original stem-cell descendant records with clear evidence limitsReview all five mitosis requirements with a complete copying and cell-state explanationExplain the involvement of meiosis in gamete productionExplain reduction from diploid to haploid chromosome setsTrace the usual human chromosome reduction from forty-six to twenty-threeDistinguish chromosome copying from reduction in a meiotic count modelCheck that a haploid product contains one of each chromosome typeExplain genetic differences between meiotic products without promising universal uniquenessInterpret potential gamete combinations in a bounded chromosome modelExplain how reduction and fertilisation maintain the diploid complementDistinguish meiosis mitosis and fertilisation using the supplied nuclear evidenceReview gamete production chromosome reduction and genetic difference
- Monohybrid inheritanceB16.3Explain inheritance as transmission of genetic information between generationsDistinguish genotype from phenotype using a stated allele keyRead allele notation without confusing genes alleles and gametesDescribe homozygosity at a particular geneExplain pure breeding from identical homozygous parentsExplain heterozygosity and why a heterozygote is not pure-breedingApply dominant and recessive allele expression in a one-gene modelDerive the possible gamete alleles before constructing a monohybrid crossConstruct and interpret a Punnett square for a one-gene crossPredict a three-to-one phenotype ratio from two heterozygous parentsPredict a one-to-one phenotype ratio from a heterozygote and recessive homozygoteSeparate predicted monohybrid ratios from observed offspring countsRead an original pedigree using its symbols generations and trait keyInfer genotypes in a stated recessive pedigree while keeping ambiguity explicitInfer genotypes in a stated dominant pedigree using a recessive offspringReview all twelve Core monohybrid inheritance requirements with linked evidenceUse a test cross to investigate an unknown dominant-phenotype genotypeInterpret finite test-cross evidence without confusing likelihood and genotype certaintyExplain codominance as both alleles contributing to a heterozygous phenotypePredict codominant genotypes and phenotypic ratios from original marker crossesExplain the four ABO phenotypes and six common-model genotype combinationsPredict the ABO cross between AB and O model genotypesPredict all four ABO phenotypes from heterozygous A and B parentsPredict the ABO phenotypic ratio from two AB model parentsUse ABO genotype evidence without treating a classroom cross as a parentage testExplain sex linkage through the gene location and supplied chromosome modelUse a bounded X-linked recessive model for red-green colour blindnessPredict an X-linked cross from a carrier mother and unaffected fatherTrace an expressing father’s X contribution to daughters in the usual chromosome modelPredict an X-linked cross from a carrier mother and expressing fatherUse the correct denominator for sex-linked genotype and phenotype predictionsReview all six Supplement inheritance requirements with original cross evidence
Variation and selection
- VariationB17.1Recognise variation within one species without confusing it with species differencesDescribe continuous variation using a measured range of body lengthsMeasure body length and body mass while preserving units and repeat observationsDescribe discontinuous variation using clearly defined phenotype categoriesInvestigate invented ABO phenotype counts without inferring population genotypesInvestigate pea seed shape and colour as separate discontinuous featuresExplain the usual genetic and environmental contributions to variationPlan a fair investigation of continuous variation in same-species specimensGroup continuous length records into intervals without losing boundaries or frequenciesPlan a reproducible investigation of discontinuous pea phenotypesInterpret categorical variation records with denominators and graph choicesDescribe mutation as genetic change while separating it from growth and learningExplain how mutation can form a new allele of an existing geneDescribe increased mutation rate without treating invented exposure records as practical instructionsConnect all eight Core variation requirements using measurements categories and genetic-change evidenceDescribe gene mutation as a random change in the DNA base sequenceCompare original DNA fragments without inferring protein effects from incomplete contextExplain meiosis as a source of genetic variation through different gamete combinationsDistinguish random mating from random fertilisation as variation sourcesConnect mutation meiosis random mating and random fertilisation as population variation sources
- SelectionB17.2Explain inherited adaptive features in their environmentExplain why adaptive benefits depend on the environmentInterpret a bird-foot schematic using supplied habitat evidenceCompare survival records without confusing counts and proportionsInterpret plant structure using supplied habitat informationConnect inherited features structure and evidence in an unfamiliar caseExplain xerophyte leaf features through water-loss mechanismsExplain xerophyte water collection storage and reduced leavesExplain floating hydrophyte leaves using air water and light accessExplain submerged hydrophyte features without using floating-leaf assumptionsCompare plant adaptations using context and normalized recordsConnect hydrophyte and xerophyte mechanisms with evidence limitsStart with inherited variation in a populationRelate many offspring to limited establishmentExplain competition for limited resourcesConnect adaptation to reproductive chanceExplain how alleles pass to offspringTrace all five steps of natural selectionChoose parents with desirable featuresCross selected parents to produce offspringSelect offspring that show the desired featureRepeat crop selection over many generationsApply repeated selection to domesticated animalsReview Core natural and artificial selectionDescribe adaptation across many generationsInterpret phenotype records across generationsIdentify inherited resistance variation in bacteriaExplain selection by an antibioticTrace resistant bacteria into later generationsEvaluate evidence about antibiotic resistanceCompare natural and artificial selectionReview Supplement selection and resistance
Organisms and their environment
- Energy flowB18.1Identify the Sun as the principal energy sourceTrace light energy into a living organismLocate chemical energy in an organismFollow chemical energy during feedingConnect chemical energy with processes in organismsExplain energy transfer to the environmentBuild a labelled energy-flow pathwayInterpret energy-flow evidence without overclaiming
- Food chains and food websB18.2Build a food chain and read its arrowsDistinguish producers from consumersName consumer types and positionsRead a food web as connected chainsExplain the role of decomposersTrace human impacts through a food webDraw and interpret a pyramid of numbersConstruct a pyramid of biomassCompare biomass and numbers pyramidsIdentify trophic levels in chains and websDraw and interpret an energy pyramidChoose energy, biomass or numbers pyramidsExplain inefficient energy transferExplain why most chains have fewer than five levelsCompare direct crop eating with livestock
- Carbon cycleB18.3Map carbon through a cycleFix carbon dioxide by photosynthesisReturn carbon by respirationTransfer carbon by feedingReturn carbon by decompositionConnect fossil fuels and combustion to carbonFix atmospheric nitrogenDecompose proteins to ammonium ionsNitrify ammonium into nitrateAbsorb nitrate and build plant proteinsTransfer nitrogen through feeding and digestionDeaminate excess amino acidsReturn nitrate to atmospheric nitrogen
Human influences on ecosystems
- Habitat destructionB19.1
- ConservationB19.2
States of matter
- Solids, liquids and gasesC1.1
- DiffusionC1.2
Atoms, elements and compounds
- Elements, compounds and mixturesC2.1
- Atomic structure and the Periodic TableC2.2
- IsotopesC2.3
- Ions and ionic bondsC2.4
- Simple molecules and covalent bondsC2.5
- Giant covalent structuresC2.6
- Metallic bondingC2.7
Stoichiometry
- FormulaeC3.1
- Relative masses of atoms and moleculesC3.2
- The mole and the Avogadro constantC3.3
Electrochemistry
- ElectrolysisC4.1
- Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cellsC4.2
Chemical energetics
- Exothermic and endothermic reactionsC5.1
Chemical reactions
- Physical and chemical changesC6.1
- Rate of reactionC6.2
- Reversible reactions and equilibriumC6.3
- RedoxC6.4
Acids, bases and salts
- The characteristic properties of acids and basesC7.1
- OxidesC7.2
- Preparation of saltsC7.3
The Periodic Table
- Arrangement of elementsC8.1
- Group I propertiesC8.2
- Group VII propertiesC8.3
- Transition elementsC8.4
- Noble gasesC8.5
Metals
- Properties of metalsC9.1
- Uses of metalsC9.2
- Alloys and their propertiesC9.3
- Reactivity seriesC9.4
- Corrosion of metalsC9.5
- Extraction of metalsC9.6
Chemistry of the environment
- WaterC10.1
- FertilisersC10.2
- Air quality and climateC10.3Clean dry air: composition and approximate proportionsAir pollutants: connect each source with its effectReducing climate change and acid-rain emissionsPhotosynthesis: reactants, products and light energyThe greenhouse effect: absorption, emission and energy balanceEngine nitrogen oxides and catalytic-converter reactionsPhotosynthesis: balance the symbol equation and quantities
Organic chemistry
- Formulae, functional groups and terminologyC11.1
- Naming organic compoundsC11.2
- FuelsC11.3
- AlkanesC11.4
- AlkenesC11.5
- AlcoholsC11.6
- Carboxylic acidsC11.7
- PolymersC11.8Polymers and polyethene: many monomers, one long chainPlastics: useful properties and disposal consequencesAddition repeats: deduce the monomer and retain side groupsPolyamides and nylon: monomers, links and water lossPolyesters and PET: ester links and return to monomersProteins: amino acids and natural polyamide links
Experimental techniques and chemical analysis
- Experimental designC12.1
- Acid–base titrationsC12.2
- ChromatographyC12.3
- Separation and purificationC12.4
- Identification of ions and gasesC12.5Carbonate and halide tests: reagent then observationNitrate, sulfate and sulfite: distinguish three similar namesWhite cation precipitates and the separate ammonium gas testColoured cation precipitates: chromium, copper and ironGas identification: six tests and six specific observationsFlame tests: six metal-ion colours and contamination limits
Motion, forces and energy
- Physical quantities and measurement techniquesP1.1
- MotionP1.2Calculate speed and specify velocity directionFind whole-journey average speed including stopsPlot distance-time graphs and calculate straight gradientsRecognise changing speed on curved distance-time graphsPlot speed-time graphs and identify motion statesFind distance from areas under speed-time graphsRecognise near-Earth free-fall accelerationCalculate acceleration and signed decelerationCalculate acceleration from speed-time gradientsDistinguish constant and changing accelerationExplain falling motion and terminal velocity
- Mass and weightP1.3Distinguish mass from gravitational weightCalculate weight mass and gravitational field strengthDetermine field strength from weight-mass dataConnect gravitational field strength with free-fall accelerationCompare masses and weights using a balanceExplain weight as the effect of a gravitational field
- DensityP1.4Explain density as mass per unit volumeRearrange density equations and convert cubic unitsDetermine density of regularly shaped solidsDetermine density of sinking irregular solidsDetermine liquid density with an empty-container correctionPredict floating and sinking from object densityOrder immiscible liquids by densityEvaluate density methods and systematic errors
- Effects of forcesP1.5.1Explain stretching compression bending and twistingMeasure extension in a supervised spring experimentPlot and interpret load-extension dataCombine forces along the same straight lineConnect zero resultant force with unchanged velocityExplain how a resultant changes speed or directionDescribe solid friction and the heating it can produceRecognise drag in liquids and gasesCalculate spring constant using force and extensionIdentify the limit of proportionality on a spring graphCalculate acceleration from the resultant forceFind the force or mass needed for a specified accelerationExplain inward force and tangent velocity in circular motionCompare force speed radius and mass in maintained circular motion
- Turning effect of forcesP1.5.2Explain moments and everyday turning effectsCalculate moments using perpendicular distanceBalance a beam with one force on each sideConvert hanging masses into balancing weightsRequire both force and moment balance for equilibriumFind the pivot support force on a balanced beamBalance several forces and an off-centre beam weightTest moment balance in a supervised ruler experiment
- Centre of gravityP1.5.3
- MomentumP1.6Calculate momentum with signed velocityCalculate momentum changes including reboundsCalculate impulse from force and durationFind average force and contact time from impulseChoose a system and state momentum conservation conditionsSolve one-dimensional collisions when objects stickSolve separate final velocities from a supplied collision outcomeExplain recoil when an initially resting system separatesRelate momentum change per unit time to resultant forceCompare stopping times and average forces
- EnergyP1.7.1Identify the seven syllabus energy storesDescribe energy-store changes in everyday processesDistinguish mechanical and electrical energy transfersFollow heating and wave energy transfersApply energy conservation with a stated systemInterpret simple energy flow diagramsCalculate kinetic energy from mass and speedFind mass or speed from a kinetic-energy valueCalculate gravitational potential energy changesFind height changes and compare gravitational energy accountsConserve energy through multiple stagesInterpret and complete quantitative Sankey diagrams
- WorkP1.7.2
- Energy resourcesP1.7.3Trace useful energy from fossil fuelsExplain useful energy from biofuelsTrace energy through a hydroelectric damDistinguish wave and tidal energy generationExplain geothermal heating and electricityTrace electricity generation from nuclear fuelExplain electricity generation by solar cellsExplain solar water-heating panelsTrace wind energy into electrical outputCompare resources using five separate factorsExplain useful and dispersed energy qualitativelyTrace solar origins and the three resource exceptionsExplain solar fusion and research toward fusion electricityCalculate efficiency using useful energy outputCalculate efficiency using power and complete stage chains
- PowerP1.7.4
- PressureP1.8Define and calculate force per unit areaConvert areas and rearrange pressure calculationsExplain everyday changes in contact pressureCompare liquid pressure by depth and densityDistinguish liquid depth from container shape and route lengthCalculate liquid-pressure changes from vertical depthFind depth or density from a liquid-pressure differenceCompare liquid-pressure changes across stated layers
Thermal physics
- States of matterP2.1.1
- Particle modelP2.1.2Represent vibrating particles in a solidExplain liquid flow with close mobile particlesExplain gas spreading and compressionConstruct and critique simple particle diagramsRelate temperature to particle motion and absolute zeroExplain gas pressure through surface collisionsExplain Brownian motion as particle-model evidenceConnect state properties to particle forces and distancesConnect gas collisions to wall force per unit areaDistinguish Brownian grains from atoms and molecules
- Gases and the absolute scale of temperatureP2.1.3Explain heating a fixed gas mass at constant volumeExplain gas compression at constant temperatureConvert between Celsius and kelvin temperaturesDistinguish temperature readings differences and ratiosUse the constant pressure-volume productUse absolute gas pressure and consistent unitsPlot and interpret the inverse pressure-volume curveCheck pressure-volume data and model conditions
- Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gasesP2.2.1
- Specific heat capacityP2.2.2Relate a temperature rise to internal energyDistinguish temperature readings from energy amountsExplain warming through average particle kinetic energyDefine specific heat capacity and calculate energy changesRearrange heat capacity equations and interpret coolingSeparate heater input from the sample energy gainDescribe a solid specific heat capacity experimentDescribe a liquid specific heat capacity experiment
- Melting, boiling and evaporationP2.2.3Interpret melting and boiling on a heating curveState water's melting and boiling reference temperaturesExplain condensation and solidification using particlesExplain evaporation from a liquid surfaceExplain why evaporation cools a liquidCompare boiling with surface evaporationExplain temperature area and airflow effects on evaporationPlan and interpret controlled evaporation measurementsExplain cooling of an object touching an evaporating liquid
- ConductionP2.3.1
- ConvectionP2.3.2
- RadiationP2.3.3Recognise infrared thermal radiation from objectsExplain thermal radiation through a vacuumCompare infrared absorption emission and reflection by surfacesExplain steady temperature through balanced energy ratesPredict warming and cooling from unequal energy ratesExplain Earth temperature through radiation balanceDescribe a controlled infrared emission experimentDescribe a controlled infrared absorption experimentExplain temperature and area effects on infrared emission rate
- Consequences of thermal energy transferP2.3.4
Waves
- General properties of wavesP3.1Track wave energy without carrying the medium alongDescribe wave motion in ropes and springsObserve water wave motion in a ripple tankRead crests troughs amplitude and wavelengthIdentify wavefronts frequency and propagation speedCalculate wave speed with consistent wavelength unitsRearrange wave speed equations and check supplied dataCompare transverse wave models and vibration directionsRead longitudinal compressions and rarefactionsExplain reflection of waves at a plane surfaceExplain refraction through a change of wave speedDescribe diffraction through a narrow gapDescribe a ripple tank reflection experimentDescribe ripple tank refraction across a depth changeDescribe a ripple tank gap diffraction experimentDescribe a ripple tank edge diffraction experimentCompare wavelength and gap size in diffractionCompare wavelength effects at a diffraction edge
- Reflection of lightP3.2.1
- Refraction of lightP3.2.2Measure light refraction angles at a boundaryDescribe a rectangular-block refraction experimentDescribe refraction with a semicircular blockTrace light through a parallel-sided transparent blockExplain normal-incidence light transmissionDefine the critical angle for lightExplain internal reflection and total internal reflectionCalculate refractive index from light speedsUse the sine ratio for light refractionCalculate critical angle and refractive indexExplain optical fibres in telecommunications
- Thin lensesP3.2.3Compare converging and diverging lenses on parallel beamsLocate principal axis focus and focal lengthConstruct a real image with a converging lensCompare real lens-image size and positionDistinguish virtual lens images from screen projectionsConstruct a virtual image with a converging lensUse a single converging lens as a magnifying glassExplain diverging-lens correction of short-sightednessExplain converging-lens correction of long-sightedness
- Dispersion of lightP3.2.4
- Electromagnetic spectrumP3.3Order the electromagnetic spectrum by frequency and wavelengthCompare electromagnetic travel in vacuum with soundExplain radio broadcasting astronomy and RFIDExplain microwave communication and oven heatingExplain infrared heating sensing and short-range linksExplain visible light in vision photography and illuminationExplain ultraviolet security marking and water sterilisationExplain X-ray medical and security scanningExplain gamma-ray sterilisation cancer detection and treatmentDistinguish microwave and infrared heating hazardsExplain ultraviolet X-ray and gamma-ray cell damageCompare low-orbit and geostationary satellite communicationCalculate electromagnetic travel using the vacuum speedExplain wireless and optical-fibre communication choicesDistinguish analogue and digital signalsRepresent sound as analogue and digital informationExplain digital regeneration transmission rate and range
- SoundP3.4Explain sound production by vibrating sourcesDescribe sound as a longitudinal disturbanceUse the approximate human audible frequency rangeExplain why sound needs a material mediumUse the approximate speed of sound in airMeasure sound speed using a synchronised visible eventMeasure sound speed using two microphonesCompare sound amplitude loudness frequency and pitchExplain echoes as reflected soundDefine ultrasound using the frequency boundaryDescribe sound compressions and rarefactionsCompare sound speeds in solids liquids and gasesUse ultrasound echoes for non-destructive material testingExplain ultrasound scanning of soft tissueCalculate sonar depth and distinguish total path from distance
Electricity and magnetism
- Simple phenomena of magnetismP4.1Describe magnetic pole attraction and repulsionUse repulsion to distinguish a magnet from an unmagnetised materialExplain induced magnetism in soft ironCompare temporary soft-iron and permanent steel magnetsDistinguish magnetic materials from other metals and insulatorsDefine a magnetic field through the force on a poleDraw the external field pattern around a bar magnetDetermine magnetic field direction using a north polePlot bar-magnet field lines with a compassUse iron filings to reveal a magnetic field patternExplain useful permanent-magnet applicationsExplain useful switched-electromagnet applicationsExplain magnetic forces through interacting fieldsCompare relative magnetic field strength from line spacingInterpret magnetic field cancellation and combined directions
- Electric chargeP4.2.1Identify positive negative and neutral charge from particle balancePredict forces between charged objectsProduce electrostatic charge by friction in a controlled testDetect electrostatic charge with an electroscopeExplain electron transfer when solids are rubbedConserve charge during isolated electron transferTest electrical conductors and insulators with a complete circuitExplain conduction and insulation using a simple electron modelClassify typical conductors and insulators without confusing magnetismUse coulombs and signed charge prefixesDefine an electric field by its force on chargeDetermine electric field direction using a positive test chargeDraw electric field patterns around point chargesDraw the field around an isolated charged conducting sphereDraw the uniform field between oppositely charged parallel plates
- Electric currentP4.2.2Relate electric current to charge flowRead an analogue ammeter using its selected rangeUse a digital ammeter and choose a suitable rangeExplain metallic current as moving free electronsDistinguish direct and alternating currentCalculate current from charge passing a pointFind transferred charge and time from currentInterpret average current across changing intervalsDistinguish conventional current and electron flow
- Electromotive force and potential differenceP4.2.3Define electromotive force as source work per unit chargeState and interpret volts for electromotive forceDefine potential difference across a componentDistinguish voltage from charge current and total energyRead an analogue voltmeter on the chosen scaleUse a digital voltmeter with a suitable parallel connectionCalculate source work per charge as electromotive forceFind source work or transferred charge from e.m.f.Calculate component potential difference from work and chargeCompare source and component work accounts for the same charge
- ResistanceP4.2.4Calculate resistance from potential difference and currentRearrange resistance to find current or potential differenceDetermine resistance with separate current and voltage measurementsCompare wire resistance when length changesCompare wire resistance when cross-sectional area changesSketch and explain a constant-resistance current–voltage graphExplain filament-lamp current–voltage curvatureExplain diode current–voltage directionalityRead resistance from a specified current–voltage operating pointScale metallic-wire resistance with lengthScale metallic-wire resistance with cross-sectional areaCombine length area and diameter changes for a metallic wire
- Electrical energy and electrical powerP4.2.5Trace electrical energy transfer through a circuitCalculate electrical power from current and potential differenceFind operating current or potential difference from electrical powerCalculate electrical energy using current potential difference and timeUse consistent time units and changing operating intervalsDefine a kilowatt-hour and convert between energy unitsCalculate appliance energy costs from kWh tariffsCompare multiappliance daily energy and costs
- Circuit diagrams and circuit componentsP4.3.1Read cell and battery symbols with their polaritiesDistinguish power supplies and generators in circuit diagramsDraw switches and trace complete circuit pathsUse fixed resistors variable resistors and heatersInterpret an NTC thermistor in a sensing circuitInterpret a light dependent resistor and its illuminationIdentify lamps motors and bells as circuit outputsPlace ammeters and voltmeters in circuit diagramsRecognize magnetising coils and transformer connectionsInterpret a fuse as a current controlled circuit interruptionUse a relay to switch a separate circuitRecognize a three terminal potential divider symbolInterpret a diode direction in a circuit diagramUse an LED with light arrows and current limiting
- Series and parallel circuitsP4.3.2Draw switches and trace complete circuit pathsFollow the same current around a series circuitConstruct and redraw series and parallel circuit pathsCombine the e m f of sources in seriesAdd resistances in one series pathCompare source and branch currents in parallelCompare resistance before and after a parallel branch is addedExplain the advantages of parallel lamp connectionsCalculate missing currents at a circuit junctionExplain junction current balance using charge conservationAdd potential differences across series componentsUse the same potential difference across parallel branchesCalculate two resistor parallel equivalents
- Action and use of circuit componentsP4.3.3
- Electrical safetyP4.4Explain the hazards of damaged electrical insulationExplain cable overheating and shared-socket overloadsExplain electrical hazards in damp conditionsDistinguish live neutral and protective earthExplain why an appliance switch belongs in liveExplain how a fuse interrupts excess currentChoose protective ratings from supplied circuit limitsDistinguish overcurrent trips from residual-current protectionExplain how an earthed metal case is protectedExplain double insulation and fuse protection without earth
- Electromagnetic inductionP4.5.1Recognise induced voltage in a moving conductorInduce voltage by changing the field linking a coilDescribe a magnet and coil induction experimentDescribe a moving conductor induction demonstrationCompare factors affecting induced voltage magnitudeUse opposition to change for magnet and coil directionsExplain induction opposition through energy transferUse the generator direction rule for motion field and current
- The a.c. generatorP4.5.2Explain a rotating coil alternating-current generatorExplain slip rings and stationary generator brushesExplain a rotating magnet generator with a fixed coilSketch and read a simple generator voltage graphRelate generator coil positions to voltage peaks and zerosRead generator periods and compare rotation changes
- Magnetic effect of a currentP4.5.3Trace the magnetic field around a straight current-carrying wireTrace the field and poles of a current-carrying solenoidDescribe a straight-wire magnetic field investigationDescribe a solenoid field investigationExplain magnetic relay action and its applicationsExplain how a moving coil loudspeaker produces soundCompare straight-wire field strength at different positionsCompare central and external solenoid field strengthPredict field changes when current direction reversesControl current comparisons in wire and solenoid fields
- Force on a current-carrying conductorP4.5.4Describe a force experiment with a current-carrying conductorCompare conductor movement when current reversesCompare conductor movement when the magnetic field reversesUse the motor rule for force field and current directionsDetermine magnetic force directions for positive and negative particle beamsCheck beam direction reversals and parallel motion limits
- The d.c. motorP4.5.5
- The transformerP4.5.6Describe a simple two-winding transformerUse primary secondary step-up and step-down termsCalculate transformer secondary voltages from turnsFind missing transformer turn counts and input voltagesTrace transformer roles in high-voltage electricity transmissionExplain the advantages of high-voltage transmissionRead a supplied transmission transformer chainExplain induction in an iron-cored transformerCalculate ideal transformer input and output currentsCombine transformer turns voltage and ideal power balancesCalculate cable heating losses with current squared resistanceCompare transmission losses at matched load powerCheck voltage-loss scaling and changed cable conditions
Nuclear physics
- The atomP5.1.1
- The nucleusP5.1.2Identify nuclear particles and their relative chargesCalculate proton nucleon and neutron numbersRead and write labelled nuclide notationDistinguish isotopes from ions and different elementsExplain fission with a balanced supplied nuclear equationExplain fusion with a balanced supplied nuclear equationRelate nuclear charge and relative mass to proton and nucleon numbers
- Detection of radioactivityP5.2.1
- The three types of nuclear emissionP5.2.2Explain spontaneous emission and random nuclear directionsIdentify alpha beta-minus and gamma emissionsCompare ionising effects and penetrating abilities of nuclear emissionsPredict nuclear emission deflection in an electric fieldPredict nuclear emission deflection in a magnetic fieldExplain relative ionisation through energy transfer and charge
- Radioactive decayP5.2.3
- Half-lifeP5.2.4Define half-life without an individual decay deadlineCalculate successive half-lives and remaining fractionsFind half-life from background-free tables and curvesFind half-life when measured counts include backgroundExplain the radioactive smoke-alarm applicationExplain gamma irradiation of foodExplain gamma sterilisation of medical equipmentSelect radiation for thickness monitoringDistinguish gamma diagnosis from cancer treatment
- Safety precautionsP5.2.5
Space physics
- The EarthP6.1.1Explain Earth rotation and the apparent daily Sun motionExplain the annual seasonal cycle from Earth tiltExplain Moon phases using changing viewing geometryMatch astronomical observations to their repeating cyclesCalculate average orbital speed with consistent unitsRearrange the orbital speed equation for period and radiusCompare orbital speeds using both radius and period
- The Solar SystemP6.1.2Name and order the eight Solar System planetsDistinguish moons dwarf planets asteroids and cometsExplain Solar System formation by gravitational accretionExplain why inner and outer planets differCompare planetary gravity by mass and distanceCalculate one-way light travel across the Solar SystemCalculate request reply and reflection delays in spaceExplain why planets orbit the massive SunLocate the Sun at a focus of an elliptical orbitAnalyse orbital period distance and density dataInterpret planetary temperature and surface gravity dataExplain decreasing planetary orbital speeds farther from the SunExplain changing speed in an elliptical orbit through energy
- The Sun as a starP6.2.1
- StarsP6.2.2Locate the Sun within the Milky WayDefine a light-year as a distanceConvert light-year distances and signal delaysExplain cloud collapse and protostar heatingExplain the balance in a stable starTrace fuel depletion into giant stagesTrace the planetary nebula and white dwarf branchTrace massive stars through supernova and compact remnantsExplain stellar recycling into later stars and planets
- The UniverseP6.2.3Compare the Milky Way with the wider UniverseDescribe redshift as increased observed wavelengthCompare matching galaxy and laboratory spectraExplain how redshift supports cosmic expansionIdentify the cosmic microwave backgroundExplain the early origin and stretching of the CMBRInfer recession speed from a supplied redshift relationUse a calibrated supernova to estimate galaxy distanceCalculate Hubble constant from recession speed and distanceUse the syllabus Hubble reference and proportional graphEstimate cosmic age from the reciprocal Hubble constant
Lessons and worked examples
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Choose a lesson, try the practice and explain the idea without your notes. Your study checks help you decide what to review.
- 01
Distinguish movement from sensitivity
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Not started - 02
Connect nutrition and cellular respiration
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Not started - 03
Recognise growth and reproduction
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Not started - 04
Distinguish excretion from egestion
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Not started - 05
Compare the structures of plant and animal cells
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Not started - 06
Separate the functions of the cell wall membrane cytoplasm and nucleus
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Not started - 07
Connect ribosomes mitochondria and chloroplasts with their roles
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Not started - 08
Explain the large permanent vacuole in a plant cell
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Not started - 09
Identify bacterial cell structures and explain their functions
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Not started - 10
Use microscope images without inventing invisible structures
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Not started - 11
Explain that new cells come from existing cells
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Not started - 12
Link ciliated cells with movement of airway mucus
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Not started - 13
Link root hair cells with absorption from soil
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Not started - 14
Link palisade mesophyll cells with photosynthesis
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Not started - 15
Link neurones with conduction of electrical impulses
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Not started - 16
Link red blood cells with oxygen transport
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Not started - 17
Compare sperm and egg cells as reproductive gametes
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Not started - 18
Build the hierarchy from cells to an organism
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Not started - 19
Calculate magnification from image and actual size
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Not started - 20
Calculate actual specimen size by rearranging magnification
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Not started - 21
Calculate the required image size for a stated magnification
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Not started - 22
Use a scale bar when an image has been resized
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Not started - 23
Convert between millimetres and micrometres
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Not started - 24
Combine unit conversion with magnification calculations
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Not started - 25
Explain net diffusion from random particle movement
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Not started - 26
Identify the kinetic energy that drives diffusion
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Not started - 27
Connect membrane diffusion with gas and solute exchange
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Not started - 28
Relate surface area and distance to diffusion exchange
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Not started - 29
Predict diffusion changes with temperature and gradient
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Not started - 30
Plan and interpret a controlled diffusion investigation
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Not started - 31
Explain water as a biological solvent
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Not started - 32
Describe osmosis through a partially permeable membrane
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Not started - 33
Plan an osmosis investigation with dialysis tubing
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Not started - 34
Investigate plant tissue in different solution concentrations
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Not started - 35
Calculate percentage mass change and estimate the no-change concentration
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Not started - 36
Explain how water pressure supports a plant
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Not started - 37
Use water potential to predict osmosis
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Not started - 38
Distinguish turgid flaccid and plasmolysed plant cells
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Not started - 39
Explain osmotic water uptake and loss in organisms
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Not started - 40
Compare osmotic effects on animal and plant cells
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Not started - 41
Describe active transport against a concentration gradient
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Not started - 42
Explain active mineral-ion uptake by root hairs
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Not started - 43
Identify protein carriers in active transport
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Not started - 44
Choose between diffusion osmosis and active transport from evidence
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Not started - 45
Compare the elements in carbohydrates fats and proteins
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Not started - 46
Connect starch glycogen and cellulose with glucose building blocks
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Not started - 47
Connect proteins with amino acid building blocks
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Not started - 48
Connect fats and oils with fatty acids and glycerol
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Not started - 49
Use iodine solution to test for starch
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Not started - 50
Use Benedict’s solution to test for reducing sugars
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Not started - 51
Use the biuret test to detect protein
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Not started - 52
Use the ethanol emulsion test to detect fats and oils
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Not started - 53
Use DCPIP to test for vitamin C
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Not started - 54
Describe the two-stranded DNA double helix
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Not started - 55
Apply complementary DNA base pairing
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Not started - 56
Use base-pair totals to check a DNA model
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Not started - 57
Identify a catalyst from reaction-rate evidence
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Not started - 58
Describe enzymes as protein biological catalysts
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Not started - 59
Explain why living organisms need enzyme-controlled rates
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Not started - 60
Describe the complementary active site and substrate
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Not started - 61
Track substrate products and enzyme reuse
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Not started - 62
Describe temperature effects from enzyme-activity data
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Not started - 63
Distinguish cold slowing from heat denaturation
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Not started - 64
Describe pH effects from enzyme-activity data
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Not started - 65
Plan a controlled temperature investigation with amylase
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Not started - 66
Plan a controlled pH investigation with buffers
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Not started - 67
Calculate endpoint-rate proxies and sampling limits
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Not started - 68
Explain the enzyme-substrate complex and product release
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Not started - 69
Explain enzyme specificity through complementary fit
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Not started - 70
Explain warming through kinetic energy and effective collisions
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Not started - 71
Explain denaturation through altered active-site fit
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Not started - 72
Explain pH effects through active-site shape and fit
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Not started - 73
Describe photosynthesis as carbohydrate synthesis
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Not started - 74
Use the photosynthesis word equation
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Not started - 75
Connect chlorophyll chloroplasts and energy transfer
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Not started - 76
Connect starch storage and cellulose walls to glucose
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Not started - 77
Trace carbohydrate through respiration transport and nectar
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Not started - 78
Explain nitrate requirements for amino acid synthesis
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Not started - 79
Explain magnesium requirements for chlorophyll
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Not started - 80
Interpret a supervised leaf starch test
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Not started - 81
Use covered-leaf evidence for the light requirement
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Not started - 82
Use variegated-leaf evidence for the chlorophyll requirement
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Not started - 83
Test the carbon dioxide requirement with matched chambers
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Not started - 84
Investigate light intensity and photosynthetic gas release
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Not started - 85
Investigate carbon dioxide availability and gas release
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Not started - 86
Investigate temperature and photosynthetic gas release
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Not started - 87
Calculate gas-release rates and recognise proxy limits
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Not started - 88
Interpret hydrogencarbonate indicator in aquatic-plant studies
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Not started - 89
Explain light and dark net gas exchange
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Not started - 90
Balance the photosynthesis chemical equation
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Not started - 91
Identify light and carbon dioxide limiting factors from data
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Not started - 92
Choose a useful greenhouse change from limiting-factor evidence
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Not started - 93
Explain broad thin leaves as photosynthetic adaptations
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Not started - 94
Identify the layers in a dicotyledonous leaf diagram
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Not started - 95
Link mesophyll chloroplasts and air spaces to photosynthesis
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Not started - 96
Distinguish guard cells from stomatal pores
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Not started - 97
Explain the cuticle and epidermis in the leaf model
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Not started - 98
Distinguish xylem and phloem in leaf vascular bundles
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Not started - 99
Read genuine dicot leaf cross-section images
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Not started - 100
Read a genuine guard-cell and chloroplast micrograph
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Not started - 101
Explain a balanced diet
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Not started - 102
Connect carbohydrate sources with energy supply
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Not started - 103
Explain the importance of fats and oils
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Not started - 104
Connect protein sources with growth and repair
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Not started - 105
Explain vitamin C sources and connective-tissue support
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Not started - 106
Connect vitamin D with calcium use and rickets
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Not started - 107
Explain calcium sources and the skeleton
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Not started - 108
Connect iron sources with haemoglobin
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Not started - 109
Explain fibre as roughage
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Not started - 110
Explain water sources and body functions
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Not started - 111
Compare scurvy and rickets using stated dietary evidence
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Not started - 112
Trace the alimentary canal from mouth to anus
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Not started - 113
Identify the organs that supply digestive secretions
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Not started - 114
Distinguish ingestion, digestion and absorption
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Not started - 115
Explain mouth, oesophagus and stomach functions
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Not started - 116
Explain small and large intestine functions
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Not started - 117
Separate assimilation from egestion
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Not started - 118
Identify organs in a published digestive-system image
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Not started - 119
Distinguish physical from chemical digestion
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Not started - 120
Calculate how subdivision exposes more surface
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Not started - 121
Identify incisors, canines, premolars and molars
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Not started - 122
Describe enamel, dentine and cement in a tooth
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Not started - 123
Locate pulp, nerves, blood vessels, bone and gums
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Not started - 124
Relate each tooth type to physical digestion
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Not started - 125
Explain stomach churning as physical digestion
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Not started - 126
Explain bile emulsification as a surface-area change
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Not started - 127
Explain chemical digestion and soluble products
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Not started - 128
Explain amylase digestion of starch
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Not started - 129
Explain the overall protease pathway
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Not started - 130
Explain lipase digestion of fats and oils
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Not started - 131
Locate amylase secretion and action
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Not started - 132
Locate protease and lipase secretion and action
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Not started - 133
Explain hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
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Not started - 134
Trace starch through maltose to glucose
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Not started - 135
Compare pepsin and trypsin environments
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Not started - 136
Explain alkaline bile at the duodenum
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Not started - 137
Locate nutrient absorption in the small intestine
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Not started - 138
Compare water absorption in small intestine and colon
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Not started - 139
Distinguish villi from microvilli
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Not started - 140
Describe the structure of a villus
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Not started - 141
Explain blood capillaries in a villus
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Not started - 142
Explain lacteals and the main lipid transport route
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Not started - 143
Explain water transport and support in xylem
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Not started - 144
Distinguish phloem transport from xylem transport
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Not started - 145
Locate transport tissues in a dicot root diagram
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Not started - 146
Identify transport tissues in a buttercup root micrograph
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Not started - 147
Locate transport tissues in a dicot stem diagram
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Not started - 148
Identify transport tissues in a sunflower stem micrograph
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Not started - 149
Locate xylem and phloem in a dicot leaf diagram
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Not started - 150
Identify tissues in a published Arabidopsis leaf image
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Not started - 151
Explain how xylem vessel structure supports transport
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Not started - 152
Recognise a root hair cell and its uptake roles
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Not started - 153
Identify root hairs in a genuine Arabidopsis image
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Not started - 154
Explain how root hairs increase the absorbing surface
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Not started - 155
Separate water entry from mineral-ion uptake
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Not started - 156
Trace water from root hair to mesophyll
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Not started - 157
Plan a stain investigation of the shoot water pathway
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Not started - 158
Interpret evidence from a stained shoot
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Not started - 159
Define transpiration and distinguish vapour from liquid
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Not started - 160
Trace evaporation and diffusion through a leaf
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Not started - 161
Investigate wind speed and water uptake
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Not started - 162
Investigate temperature and water uptake
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Not started - 163
Calculate a potometer uptake rate
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Not started - 164
Evaluate potometer repeats and measurement limits
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Not started - 165
Explain leaf features that promote transpiration
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Not started - 166
Explain transpiration pull and cohesion in xylem
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Not started - 167
Explain temperature, wind and humidity effects
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Not started - 168
Explain why a plant wilts when loss exceeds uptake
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Not started - 169
Define translocation from source to sink
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Not started - 170
Identify sources and sinks from organ activity
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Not started - 171
Explain upward and downward translocation routes
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Not started - 172
Explain how source and sink roles change over time
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Not started - 173
Connect the pump, vessels and valves in a circulatory system
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Not started - 174
Explain one-way flow from the action of valves
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Not started - 175
Trace single circulation through a fish
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Not started - 176
Trace the two circuits of a mammal
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Not started - 177
Explain the advantages of double circulation
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Not started - 178
Identify the four chambers in a heart diagram
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Not started - 179
Locate the muscular wall septum and one-way valves
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Not started - 180
Identify chambers and walls in an anatomical heart image
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Not started - 181
Recognise coronary arteries on the heart surface
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Not started - 182
Distinguish arteries and veins by direction
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Not started - 183
Compare ECG pulse and heart-sound monitoring
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Not started - 184
Plan a controlled heart-rate investigation
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Not started - 185
Interpret heart-rate change and recovery data
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Not started - 186
Explain coronary artery blockage and muscle supply
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Not started - 187
Discuss all seven coronary disease risk factors
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Not started - 188
Explain diet and exercise in coronary risk reduction
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Not started - 189
Locate atrioventricular and semilunar valves
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Not started - 190
Identify valve categories in a prepared-heart photograph
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Not started - 191
Explain the different ventricular wall thicknesses
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Not started - 192
Explain why atrial walls are thinner than ventricular walls
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Not started - 193
Explain how the septum separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
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Not started - 194
Coordinate contraction and valve action in a cardiac cycle
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Not started - 195
Explain why activity increases heart rate
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Not started - 196
Compare artery vein and capillary structure
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Not started - 197
Explain how venous valves prevent backflow
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Not started - 198
State the exchange functions of capillaries
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Not started - 199
Identify the main vessels connected to the heart
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Not started - 200
Trace pulmonary vessels between heart and lungs
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Not started - 201
Identify renal artery and renal vein routes
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Not started - 202
Identify main vessels in a whole-body anatomical image
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Not started - 203
Relate arterial wall structure to blood pressure
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Not started - 204
Relate venous structure to low-pressure return
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Not started - 205
Explain capillary adaptations for efficient exchange
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Not started - 206
Identify the three liver blood-vessel routes
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Not started - 207
Recognise hepatic vessels in a published liver image
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Not started - 208
List the four main components of blood
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Not started - 209
Identify red and white blood cells in diagrams
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Not started - 210
Identify red and white cells in a blood photomicrograph
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Not started - 211
Explain oxygen transport by red blood cells
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Not started - 212
State the defence functions of white blood cells
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Not started - 213
Explain the role of platelets in clotting
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Not started - 214
Explain all six required plasma transport roles
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Not started - 215
Explain why clotting limits blood loss and pathogen entry
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Not started - 216
Identify lymphocytes and phagocytes in diagrams
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Not started - 217
Recognise lymphocytes and phagocytes in photomicrographs
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Not started - 218
Explain antibody production by lymphocytes
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Not started - 219
Explain engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis
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Not started - 220
Describe fibrinogen conversion during clotting
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Not started - 221
Explain how a fibrin mesh helps seal a damaged site
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Not started - 222
Define a pathogen using disease causation
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Not started - 223
Distinguish transmissible disease from other illness
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Not started - 224
Trace direct contact through blood and body fluids
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Not started - 225
Explain indirect spread through surfaces and air
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Not started - 226
Trace transmission through food water and animals
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Not started - 227
Describe skin and nose hairs as body defences
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Not started - 228
Explain mucus stomach acid and white-cell defence
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Not started - 229
Explain clean water supply and sewage treatment
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Not started - 230
Explain hygienic food preparation and personal hygiene
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Not started - 231
Explain waste disposal in disease control
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Not started - 232
Explain active immunity through antibody production
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Not started - 233
Use antigen shapes to explain antibody specificity
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Not started - 234
Explain antibody binding and pathogen destruction
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Not started - 235
Explain active immunity after infection or vaccination
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Not started - 236
Outline vaccination and memory-cell production
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Not started - 237
Explain vaccination as a control of disease spread
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Not started - 238
Explain passive immunity across the placenta
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Not started - 239
Explain breast milk and passive protection in infants
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Not started - 240
Compare active and passive immunity by source and memory
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Not started - 241
Describe cholera and its contaminated-water route
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Not started - 242
Explain cholera toxin and chloride secretion
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Not started - 243
Explain osmotic diarrhoea dehydration and ion loss
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Not started - 244
Describe large area and thin gas-exchange surfaces
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Not started - 245
Describe blood supply and ventilation at alveoli
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Not started - 246
Identify larynx trachea bronchi and bronchioles in a diagram
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Not started - 247
Identify lungs ribs intercostal muscles and diaphragm in a diagram
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Not started - 248
Identify alveoli and their associated capillaries in a diagram
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Not started - 249
Identify major respiratory organs in a published image
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Not started - 250
Identify ribs and intercostal muscles in a published image
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Not started - 251
Identify bronchioles alveoli and capillaries in a published image
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Not started - 252
Use limewater to test for carbon dioxide
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Not started - 253
Plan a fair inspired and expired air comparison
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Not started - 254
Interpret repeated limewater cloudiness timings
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Not started - 255
Compare oxygen and carbon dioxide in inspired and expired air
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Not started - 256
Compare water vapour in inspired and expired air
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Not started - 257
Calculate breathing rate from timed counts
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Not started - 258
Read breathing depth and rate from a volume trace
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Not started - 259
Investigate activity effects and breathing recovery
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Not started - 260
Identify internal and external intercostal layers in a diagram
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Not started - 261
Identify intercostal layers in a published thorax image
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Not started - 262
Explain how tracheal cartilage keeps the airway open
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Not started - 263
Explain inspiration through thorax volume and pressure
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Not started - 264
Distinguish quiet and forced expiration
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Not started - 265
Evaluate a bell-jar ventilation model
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Not started - 266
Explain oxygen and carbon dioxide changes through respiration
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Not started - 267
Explain how moist surfaces change expired air
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Not started - 268
Explain activity carbon dioxide and breathing control
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Not started - 269
Explain goblet cells mucus and cilia in airway protection
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Not started - 270
Connect respiration energy with movement and transport
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Not started - 271
Connect respiration energy with growth and cell control
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Not started - 272
Plan a controlled yeast temperature investigation
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Not started - 273
Interpret yeast temperature and gas-rate data
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Not started - 274
Evaluate repeat yeast trials and rate uncertainty
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Not started - 275
Define aerobic respiration in cells
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Not started - 276
Separate respiration breathing and photosynthesis
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Not started - 277
Use the aerobic respiration word equation
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Not started - 278
Balance the aerobic respiration chemical equation
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Not started - 279
Apply aerobic equation amount ratios
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Not started - 280
Define anaerobic respiration without oxygen use
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Not started - 281
Compare energy release per glucose molecule
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Not started - 282
Use the yeast anaerobic word equation
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Not started - 283
Interpret yeast gas evidence and fermentation contexts
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Not started - 284
Use the muscle anaerobic word equation
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Not started - 285
Balance the yeast anaerobic chemical equation
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Not started - 286
Apply yeast equation amount ratios
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Not started - 287
Explain lactic acid accumulation and oxygen debt
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Not started - 288
Explain all three parts of oxygen debt removal
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Not started - 289
Interpret exercise recovery data within the model
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Not started - 290
Describe electrical impulses travelling along neurones
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Not started - 291
Identify the brain and spinal cord as the CNS
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Not started - 292
Describe peripheral nerves and their connections
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Not started - 293
Explain nervous coordination and regulation of body functions
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Not started - 294
Identify sensory relay and motor neurones in a diagram
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Not started - 295
Identify neurone roles in a published reflex image
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Not started - 296
Compare the three neurone roles within a reflex pathway
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Not started - 297
Order all five parts of a simple reflex arc
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Not started - 298
Trace a supplied withdrawal reflex from stimulus to movement
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Not started - 299
Distinguish receptors from muscle and gland effectors
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Not started - 300
Explain automatic and rapid reflex coordination
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Not started - 301
Interpret supplied reflex and deliberate response times
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Not started - 302
Describe a synapse as a junction between neurones
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Not started - 303
Identify the structures of a chemical synapse
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Not started - 304
Identify vesicles gap and receptors in a published synapse image
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Not started - 305
Order the four events at a chemical synapse
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Not started - 306
Explain neurotransmitter diffusion and receptor binding
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Not started - 307
Connect synaptic transmission with the next electrical impulse
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Not started - 308
Explain one-way transmission at the supplied chemical synapse
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Not started - 309
Predict the effect of a specified synaptic interruption
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Not started - 310
Describe sense organs as groups of receptor cells
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Not started - 311
Match the five required stimuli with sensory examples
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Not started - 312
Identify the seven Core eye structures in a diagram
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Not started - 313
Identify the seven Core structures in a published eye image
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Not started - 314
Connect cornea iris pupil and lens with light entry and focus
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Not started - 315
Connect retinal receptors and optic nerve impulses with vision
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Not started - 316
Distinguish the blind spot from the receptor-containing retina
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Not started - 317
Explain pupil diameter changes with light intensity
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Not started - 318
Interpret invented pupil diameter and opening area data
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Not started - 319
Explain the bright light pupil reflex with antagonistic iris muscles
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Not started - 320
Explain the dim light pupil reflex with antagonistic iris muscles
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Not started - 321
Explain accommodation for a near object
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Not started - 322
Explain accommodation for a distant object
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Not started - 323
Compare accommodation chains and predict a supplied tension constraint
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Not started - 324
Describe rod and cone distribution in the retina
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Not started - 325
Connect rod sensitivity with night vision and cones with colour vision
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Not started - 326
Explain the three cone types and overlapping colour responses
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Not started - 327
Locate the fovea in an original eye diagram and explain its function
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Not started - 328
Locate the fovea in a published eye image and explain its function
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Not started - 329
Compare the fovea blind spot and other retinal regions
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Not started - 330
Describe a hormone and trace its blood-borne route
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Not started - 331
Distinguish hormone delivery from a specific target response
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Not started - 332
Identify the four required endocrine glands in original diagrams
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Not started - 333
Identify glands in the published ovarian anatomy image
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Not started - 334
Identify glands in the published testicular anatomy image
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Not started - 335
Match adrenal glands and pancreas with their Core hormones
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Not started - 336
Match ovaries and testes with their required hormones
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Not started - 337
Describe the three Core fight-or-flight effects of adrenaline
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Not started - 338
Interpret the three Core adrenaline response measurements
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Not started - 339
Compare nervous and hormonal control by speed of action
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Not started - 340
Compare nervous and hormonal control by duration of effect
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Not started - 341
Interpret onset and duration in supplied control records
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Not started - 342
State the pancreatic source of glucagon
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Not started - 343
Describe adrenaline raising blood glucose concentration
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Not started - 344
Connect both Supplement metabolic effects of adrenaline
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Not started - 345
Interpret glucose and heart-rate changes in a metabolic record
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Not started - 346
Describe homeostasis as a stable internal environment
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Not started - 347
Distinguish internal variables from external changes
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Not started - 348
State that insulin decreases blood glucose concentration
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Not started - 349
Interpret a supplied insulin concentration response
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Not started - 350
Explain negative feedback around a set point
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Not started - 351
Distinguish corrective feedback from reinforcing change
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Not started - 352
Explain insulin and liver storage after glucose rises
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Not started - 353
Explain glucagon and liver release when glucose falls
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Not started - 354
Connect both branches of blood glucose regulation
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Not started - 355
Interpret high and low glucose feedback records
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 356
Outline the treatment of Type 1 diabetes
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Not started - 357
Identify seven skin structures in an original diagram
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 358
Identify the required structures in a published skin image
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 359
Distinguish a receptor from a sensory neurone in an image
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Not started - 360
Explain insulation by hair and fatty tissue
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Not started - 361
Explain how sweat evaporation removes heat
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Not started - 362
Explain shivering as metabolic heat production
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Not started - 363
Explain the brain coordinating temperature responses
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Not started - 364
Explain vasodilation supplying surface capillaries
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Not started - 365
Explain vasoconstriction conserving body heat
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Not started - 366
Interpret warm and cold temperature correction data
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Not started - 367
Connect the complete temperature regulation loop
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 368
Describe a drug by its effect on body chemistry
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 369
Interpret a model drug effect on a chemical reaction
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Not started - 370
Describe antibiotics as treatments for bacterial infections
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 371
Distinguish antibiotic targets from viruses
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 372
Describe antibiotic resistance in bacteria
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Not started - 373
Calculate survival in a model antibiotic exposure
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Not started - 374
Apply a stated antibiotic response table
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Not started - 375
Connect the four Core drug requirements
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Not started - 376
Explain selection of resistant bacteria
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Not started - 377
Explain why antibiotics should be used only when essential
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Not started - 378
Use MRSA as an example of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
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Not started - 379
Interpret selection and reproduction in bacterial count data
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 380
Define asexual reproduction using parent and offspring links
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 381
Distinguish clone genotype from appearance and mutation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 382
Identify bacterial binary fission in a sequence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 383
Identify budding from a parent and outgrowth
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 384
Identify strawberry runner daughter plants
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 385
Identify potato stem tubers as vegetative propagation
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Not started - 386
Identify bulb offsets as new one-parent plants
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Not started - 387
Identify a rooted stem cutting as asexual propagation
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Not started - 388
Recognise asexual examples in published photographs
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 389
Classify reproductive events from their evidence
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Not started - 390
Interpret a stated binary-fission population model
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Not started - 391
Evaluate a controlled cutting-establishment investigation
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Not started - 392
Discuss asexual advantages for wild populations
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Not started - 393
Discuss asexual disadvantages for wild populations
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Not started - 394
Interpret a model of clone and mixed-genotype survival
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Not started - 395
Discuss asexual advantages for crop production
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Not started - 396
Discuss asexual risks for crop production
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Not started - 397
Compare crop-establishment data and weigh both population contexts
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Not started - 398
Define sexual reproduction from gametes to offspring
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 399
Describe fertilisation as fusion of gamete nuclei
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 400
Distinguish gametes, a zygote and later development
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Not started - 401
Explain genetic variation without relying on appearance
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 402
Recognise sexual self-fertilisation with one adult
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 403
Classify reproductive histories using nuclear events
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 404
State haploid gamete and diploid zygote nuclei
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 405
Trace chromosome contributions into a zygote model
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 406
Calculate chromosome counts from stipulated diploid models
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Not started - 407
Discuss sexual reproduction benefits in wild populations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 408
Discuss sexual reproduction costs in wild populations
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Not started - 409
Interpret inherited-response survival models
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Not started - 410
Discuss sexual reproduction benefits for crop breeding
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 411
Discuss sexual reproduction costs for crop production
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Not started - 412
Interpret seed-establishment percentages and evidence limits
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Not started - 413
Weigh sexual reproduction in wild and crop contexts
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 414
Locate all ten flower structures in a cutaway model
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 415
Explain anther and filament functions within a stamen
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 416
Explain stigma style ovary and ovule functions within a carpel
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Not started - 417
Connect sepal and petal structure with their functions
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Not started - 418
Draw and label the required flower structures
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Not started - 419
Identify visible structures in a numbered flower photograph
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Not started - 420
Identify ovary and ovules in a real cut-section photograph
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Not started - 421
Identify exposed hanging anthers in a wind-flower photograph
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 422
Identify feathery stigmas in a wind-flower photograph
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Not started - 423
Compare insect-carried and wind-carried pollen grains
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Not started - 424
Define pollination as transfer from anther to stigma
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Not started - 425
Locate fertilisation inside an ovule
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Not started - 426
Explain insect-flower adaptations through visitor contact
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Not started - 427
Explain wind-flower adaptations through release and interception
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Not started - 428
Compare insect and wind flowers using matched functions
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Not started - 429
Describe the three required conditions for seed germination
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Not started - 430
Plan a controlled water requirement investigation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 431
Plan a controlled oxygen requirement investigation
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Not started - 432
Investigate suitable temperature using repeated seed counts
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 433
Interpret germination data with correct denominators and limits
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Not started - 434
Evaluate a germination investigation before drawing conclusions
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Not started - 435
Define self-pollination using the identity of the plant
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Not started - 436
Define cross-pollination using different same-species plants
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Not started - 437
Discuss potential variation after self and cross pollination
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Not started - 438
Connect population variation with changing environments
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Not started - 439
Discuss reliance on pollinators for self and cross routes
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Not started - 440
Discuss all three population effects of self and cross pollination
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Not started - 441
Trace pollen-tube growth from stigma through style
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Not started - 442
Connect pollen-tube entry into an ovule with fertilisation
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Not started - 443
Identify the six required male reproductive structures
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 444
Explain testis and scrotum functions
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Not started - 445
Trace sperm transport and prostate fluid addition
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 446
Distinguish the shared urethra from sperm ducts and ureters
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Not started - 447
Identify the five required female reproductive structures
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 448
Distinguish egg production from oviduct transport
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 449
Explain uterus cervix and vagina functions
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Not started - 450
Compare male and female reproductive organ routes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 451
Describe human fertilisation as gamete nuclear fusion
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 452
Order gamete transport fertilisation and later development
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Not started - 453
Explain flagellum mitochondria and acrosome adaptations
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Not started - 454
Evaluate sperm structure and function explanations
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Not started - 455
Explain egg energy stores and the changing jelly coat
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Not started - 456
Distinguish egg coat change from sperm acrosome action
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Not started - 457
Compare sperm and egg size structure motility and numbers
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Not started - 458
Interpret gamete counts and comparison evidence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 459
Trace zygote division into an early embryo
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Not started - 460
Locate early embryo implantation in the uterine lining
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 461
Identify placenta umbilical cord amniotic sac and fluid
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Not started - 462
Distinguish the placenta from the umbilical cord
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Not started - 463
Explain amniotic sac and fluid functions
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Not started - 464
Explain the sequence from zygote to fetal support
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Not started - 465
Explain nutrient gas and waste exchange at the placenta
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Not started - 466
Trace fetal blood between placenta and fetus
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Not started - 467
Interpret a bounded placental exchange model
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Not started - 468
Explain how some pathogens and toxins can cross the placenta
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Not started - 469
Distinguish secondary sexual characteristics from reproductive organs
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Not started - 470
Explain testosterone in secondary sexual development
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Not started - 471
Explain oestrogen in secondary sexual development
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Not started - 472
Compare testosterone and oestrogen explanations at puberty
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Not started - 473
Describe follicle development ovulation and the corpus luteum
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 474
Describe shedding rebuilding and maintenance of the uterine lining
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 475
Match ovarian events with changes in the uterine lining
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 476
Interpret cycle length and event timing without fixed-day assumptions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 477
Locate oestrogen production through the ovarian cycle
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 478
Locate progesterone production after ovulation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 479
Describe changing oestrogen and progesterone sources in pregnancy
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Not started - 480
Explain FSH action on developing ovarian follicles
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Not started - 481
Explain the LH surge ovulation and corpus luteum formation
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Not started - 482
Explain oestrogen rebuilding and changing pituitary feedback
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Not started - 483
Explain progesterone lining maintenance and pituitary inhibition
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Not started - 484
Explain the four-hormone sequence in a non-pregnant cycle
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Not started - 485
Read the order of peaks on an illustrative hormone graph
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 486
Calculate a model progesterone change and explain its limits
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Not started - 487
Explain continued hormone support during pregnancy
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Not started - 488
Repair explanations of cycle hormones and pregnancy support
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Not started - 489
Define a sexually transmitted infection using its transmission route
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 490
Classify transmission evidence without assuming every STI spreads identically
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 491
Identify HIV as a viral pathogen that can cause an STI
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 492
Explain why HIV infection may lead to AIDS
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Not started - 493
Evaluate HIV progression evidence without diagnosing from symptoms
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 494
Explain HIV sexual transmission through fluids and entry tissues
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Not started - 495
Explain HIV blood exposure and contaminated injection equipment
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Not started - 496
Describe HIV transmission during pregnancy birth and breastfeeding
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 497
Reject myths about HIV and ordinary classroom contact
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Not started - 498
Connect each STI control measure with the route it interrupts
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Not started - 499
Explain condom barriers and their limits for different STIs
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Not started - 500
Explain STI testing follow-up and appropriate care without symptom-based diagnosis
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Not started - 501
Distinguish HIV treatment control from cure and explain sexual U equals U
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Not started - 502
Explain why STI vaccines protect against specific pathogens
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Not started - 503
Calculate fictional STI test positivity and distinguish evidence from causal claims
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 504
Build a route-specific STI control explanation and evaluate its limits
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 505
Describe chromosomes as DNA carrying genes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 506
Trace nucleus chromosome DNA and gene in an original model
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 507
Define a protein-coding gene as a length of DNA
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 508
Distinguish gene information protein product and a cell function
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 509
Define an allele as an alternative form of a gene
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 510
Use paired gene-position models without confusing genes and alleles
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 511
Explain human X and Y chromosome inheritance in the syllabus model
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Not started - 512
Interpret independent XX and XY outcomes without a guaranteed family ratio
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 513
Link gene base order with the order of amino acids in a protein
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 514
Explain how amino-acid sequence can affect protein shape
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Not started - 515
Keep the gene in the nucleus while its information is used
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Not started - 516
Describe mRNA as the information copy made in the nucleus
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Not started - 517
Trace mRNA movement from nucleus to cytoplasm
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Not started - 518
Describe mRNA passing through a ribosome
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Not started - 519
Explain the ribosome assembling amino acids into protein
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Not started - 520
Explain mRNA base sequence determining amino-acid order
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Not started - 521
Explain all six required links in protein production
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Not started - 522
Explain DNA controlling cell reactions through enzyme proteins
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Not started - 523
Explain DNA controlling transport through membrane carrier proteins
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Not started - 524
Explain DNA controlling response through neurotransmitter receptors
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Not started - 525
Explain different cell functions through selective gene expression
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Not started - 526
Interpret original expression records without confusing RNA counts and gene absence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 527
Describe a haploid nucleus as one chromosome set
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Not started - 528
Distinguish chromosome-set number from total chromosome count
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 529
Describe a diploid nucleus using two chromosome sets
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 530
Distinguish 23 pairs 46 chromosomes and the human gamete total
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 531
Read chromosome pairing evidence without equating pairs with identical genes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 532
Integrate genes proteins expression and chromosome counts in a bounded review
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 533
Describe mitosis as nuclear division producing genetically identical cells
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Not started - 534
Distinguish genetic identity from identical appearance or function
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Not started - 535
Distinguish two daughter nuclei from two completed daughter cells
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Not started - 536
Explain why normal mitosis maintains the chromosome number
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Not started - 537
Explain the role of mitosis in growth of multicellular organisms
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Not started - 538
Explain the role of mitosis in repair of damaged tissues
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Not started - 539
Explain cell replacement without confusing turnover with net growth
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Not started - 540
Explain mitosis in eukaryotic asexual reproduction
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Not started - 541
Compare all four required roles of mitosis
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Not started - 542
Explain exact chromosome replication before mitosis
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Not started - 543
Distinguish sister chromosome copies from homologous chromosome pairs
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Not started - 544
Explain separation of chromosome copies into complete daughter complements
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Not started - 545
Trace both chromosome sets through normal mitosis
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 546
Check the usual human chromosome count through normal mitosis
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Not started - 547
Interpret conditional mitotic lineage counts without inventing a growth rate
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 548
Describe stem cells and the potential of their daughter cells
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Not started - 549
Interpret a stated stem-cell renewal and specialisation model
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Not started - 550
Explain how mitotic daughters can specialise while retaining shared genes
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Not started - 551
Evaluate original stem-cell descendant records with clear evidence limits
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Not started - 552
Review all five mitosis requirements with a complete copying and cell-state explanation
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Not started - 553
Explain the involvement of meiosis in gamete production
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 554
Explain reduction from diploid to haploid chromosome sets
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 555
Trace the usual human chromosome reduction from forty-six to twenty-three
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Not started - 556
Distinguish chromosome copying from reduction in a meiotic count model
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 557
Check that a haploid product contains one of each chromosome type
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 558
Explain genetic differences between meiotic products without promising universal uniqueness
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Not started - 559
Interpret potential gamete combinations in a bounded chromosome model
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Not started - 560
Explain how reduction and fertilisation maintain the diploid complement
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Not started - 561
Distinguish meiosis mitosis and fertilisation using the supplied nuclear evidence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 562
Review gamete production chromosome reduction and genetic difference
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 563
Explain inheritance as transmission of genetic information between generations
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Not started - 564
Distinguish genotype from phenotype using a stated allele key
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 565
Read allele notation without confusing genes alleles and gametes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 566
Describe homozygosity at a particular gene
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 567
Explain pure breeding from identical homozygous parents
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Not started - 568
Explain heterozygosity and why a heterozygote is not pure-breeding
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Not started - 569
Apply dominant and recessive allele expression in a one-gene model
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Not started - 570
Derive the possible gamete alleles before constructing a monohybrid cross
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 571
Construct and interpret a Punnett square for a one-gene cross
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Not started - 572
Predict a three-to-one phenotype ratio from two heterozygous parents
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Not started - 573
Predict a one-to-one phenotype ratio from a heterozygote and recessive homozygote
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Not started - 574
Separate predicted monohybrid ratios from observed offspring counts
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 575
Read an original pedigree using its symbols generations and trait key
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 576
Infer genotypes in a stated recessive pedigree while keeping ambiguity explicit
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 577
Infer genotypes in a stated dominant pedigree using a recessive offspring
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 578
Review all twelve Core monohybrid inheritance requirements with linked evidence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 579
Use a test cross to investigate an unknown dominant-phenotype genotype
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 580
Interpret finite test-cross evidence without confusing likelihood and genotype certainty
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 581
Explain codominance as both alleles contributing to a heterozygous phenotype
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 582
Predict codominant genotypes and phenotypic ratios from original marker crosses
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 583
Explain the four ABO phenotypes and six common-model genotype combinations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 584
Predict the ABO cross between AB and O model genotypes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 585
Predict all four ABO phenotypes from heterozygous A and B parents
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 586
Predict the ABO phenotypic ratio from two AB model parents
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 587
Use ABO genotype evidence without treating a classroom cross as a parentage test
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 588
Explain sex linkage through the gene location and supplied chromosome model
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 589
Use a bounded X-linked recessive model for red-green colour blindness
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 590
Predict an X-linked cross from a carrier mother and unaffected father
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 591
Trace an expressing father’s X contribution to daughters in the usual chromosome model
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 592
Predict an X-linked cross from a carrier mother and expressing father
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 593
Use the correct denominator for sex-linked genotype and phenotype predictions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 594
Review all six Supplement inheritance requirements with original cross evidence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 595
Recognise variation within one species without confusing it with species differences
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 596
Describe continuous variation using a measured range of body lengths
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 597
Measure body length and body mass while preserving units and repeat observations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 598
Describe discontinuous variation using clearly defined phenotype categories
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 599
Investigate invented ABO phenotype counts without inferring population genotypes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 600
Investigate pea seed shape and colour as separate discontinuous features
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 601
Explain the usual genetic and environmental contributions to variation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 602
Plan a fair investigation of continuous variation in same-species specimens
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 603
Group continuous length records into intervals without losing boundaries or frequencies
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 604
Plan a reproducible investigation of discontinuous pea phenotypes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 605
Interpret categorical variation records with denominators and graph choices
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 606
Describe mutation as genetic change while separating it from growth and learning
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 607
Explain how mutation can form a new allele of an existing gene
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 608
Describe increased mutation rate without treating invented exposure records as practical instructions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 609
Connect all eight Core variation requirements using measurements categories and genetic-change evidence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 610
Describe gene mutation as a random change in the DNA base sequence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 611
Compare original DNA fragments without inferring protein effects from incomplete context
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 612
Explain meiosis as a source of genetic variation through different gamete combinations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 613
Distinguish random mating from random fertilisation as variation sources
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 614
Connect mutation meiosis random mating and random fertilisation as population variation sources
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 615
Explain inherited adaptive features in their environment
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 616
Explain why adaptive benefits depend on the environment
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 617
Interpret a bird-foot schematic using supplied habitat evidence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 618
Compare survival records without confusing counts and proportions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 619
Interpret plant structure using supplied habitat information
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 620
Connect inherited features structure and evidence in an unfamiliar case
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 621
Explain xerophyte leaf features through water-loss mechanisms
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 622
Explain xerophyte water collection storage and reduced leaves
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 623
Explain floating hydrophyte leaves using air water and light access
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 624
Explain submerged hydrophyte features without using floating-leaf assumptions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 625
Compare plant adaptations using context and normalized records
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 626
Connect hydrophyte and xerophyte mechanisms with evidence limits
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 627
Start with inherited variation in a population
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 628
Relate many offspring to limited establishment
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 629
Explain competition for limited resources
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 630
Connect adaptation to reproductive chance
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 631
Explain how alleles pass to offspring
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 632
Trace all five steps of natural selection
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 633
Choose parents with desirable features
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 634
Cross selected parents to produce offspring
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 635
Select offspring that show the desired feature
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 636
Repeat crop selection over many generations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 637
Apply repeated selection to domesticated animals
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 638
Review Core natural and artificial selection
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 639
Describe adaptation across many generations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 640
Interpret phenotype records across generations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 641
Identify inherited resistance variation in bacteria
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 642
Explain selection by an antibiotic
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 643
Trace resistant bacteria into later generations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 644
Evaluate evidence about antibiotic resistance
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 645
Compare natural and artificial selection
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 646
Review Supplement selection and resistance
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 647
Identify the Sun as the principal energy source
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 648
Trace light energy into a living organism
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 649
Locate chemical energy in an organism
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 650
Follow chemical energy during feeding
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 651
Connect chemical energy with processes in organisms
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 652
Explain energy transfer to the environment
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 653
Build a labelled energy-flow pathway
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 654
Interpret energy-flow evidence without overclaiming
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 655
Build a food chain and read its arrows
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 656
Distinguish producers from consumers
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 657
Name consumer types and positions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 658
Read a food web as connected chains
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 659
Explain the role of decomposers
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 660
Trace human impacts through a food web
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 661
Draw and interpret a pyramid of numbers
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 662
Construct a pyramid of biomass
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 663
Compare biomass and numbers pyramids
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 664
Identify trophic levels in chains and webs
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 665
Draw and interpret an energy pyramid
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 666
Choose energy, biomass or numbers pyramids
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 667
Explain inefficient energy transfer
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 668
Explain why most chains have fewer than five levels
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 669
Compare direct crop eating with livestock
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 670
Map carbon through a cycle
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 671
Fix carbon dioxide by photosynthesis
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 672
Return carbon by respiration
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 673
Transfer carbon by feeding
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 674
Return carbon by decomposition
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 675
Connect fossil fuels and combustion to carbon
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 676
Fix atmospheric nitrogen
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 677
Decompose proteins to ammonium ions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 678
Nitrify ammonium into nitrate
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 679
Absorb nitrate and build plant proteins
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 680
Transfer nitrogen through feeding and digestion
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 681
Deaminate excess amino acids
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 682
Return nitrate to atmospheric nitrogen
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 683
Describe biodiversity and habitat loss
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 684
Trace human effects through food webs
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 685
Explain effects of deforestation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 686
Describe sustainable resources and resource management
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 687
Explain why species become endangered or extinct
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 688
Describe methods for conserving endangered species
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 689
Manage forests and fish stocks sustainably
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 690
Explain why conservation programmes are needed
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 691
Use captive breeding and protect genetic variation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 692
Particles, states and changes of state
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 693
Heating curves and gas-particle explanations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 694
Diffusion and random particle motion
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 695
Gas diffusion and relative molecular mass
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 696
Elements, compounds and mixtures
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 697
Atomic structure, shells and the Periodic Table
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 698
Isotopes and atomic symbols
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 699
Isotope abundances and relative atomic mass
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 700
Group I and VII ions and ionic bonding
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 701
Ionic lattices and multicharged ions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 702
Shared pairs and simple covalent molecules
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 703
Multiple covalent bonds and molecular properties
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 704
Diamond and graphite: structure and uses
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 705
Silicon dioxide and giant covalent networks
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 706
Metallic bonding, conduction and shaping
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 707
Reading formulas and building a formula notebook
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 708
Balancing equations and using state symbols
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 709
Empirical ratios and ionic formulas
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 710
Ionic equations and spectator ions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 711
Relative atomic, molecular and formula masses
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 712
Reacting masses by simple proportions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 713
Concentration units and solution volume
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 714
Moles, molar mass and particle counts
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 715
Stoichiometric ratios and limiting reactants
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 716
Gas volumes at room temperature and pressure
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 717
Solution concentrations and titration calculations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 718
Empirical and molecular formulas from data
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 719
Percentage yield, composition and purity
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 720
Electrolysis and molten binary compounds
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 721
Aqueous electrolysis: brine and dilute acid
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 722
Charge transfer and electrode half-equations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 723
Electroplating a metal object
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 724
Copper sulfate: inert and copper electrodes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 725
Predicting aqueous halide electrode products
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 726
Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells and useful electricity
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 727
Fuel cells compared with petrol engines
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 728
Exothermic and endothermic energy transfers
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 729
Enthalpy change and activation-energy diagrams
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 730
Bond breaking, bond making and enthalpy estimates
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 731
Physical and chemical changes: use particle identity
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 732
Reaction rate factors and catalysts
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 733
Measuring rates and reading reaction graphs
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 734
Collision theory and activation-barrier changes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 735
Evaluating gas-volume and mass-loss rate methods
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 736
Reversible reactions and hydrated salts
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 737
Dynamic equilibrium and changing conditions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 738
The Haber process: ammonia and a practical compromise
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 739
The Contact process: sulfur trioxide and condition choices
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 740
Redox through oxygen transfer and Roman numerals
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 741
Electron transfer and oxidation-number changes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 742
Oxidising agents, reducing agents and colour evidence
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 743
Acid reactions: choose the salt and the other products
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 744
Bases, alkalis and the neutralisation equation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 745
Indicators and pH: compare aqueous solutions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 746
Proton transfer and strong versus weak acids
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 747
Acidic and basic oxides: connect behaviour with elements
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 748
Amphoteric oxides: reactions on both sides
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 749
Solubility rules: check the family and the exception
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 750
Soluble salts from excess insoluble reactants
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 751
Soluble salts from acid–alkali titration
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 752
Hydrated and anhydrous substances
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 753
Insoluble salts by precipitation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 754
Water of crystallisation and hydrate formulas
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 755
Periodic position, outer electrons and ion predictions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 756
Reading supplied group trends without inventing exact values
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 757
Group I metals: trends and careful predictions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 758
Halogens: appearance, molecules and group trends
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 759
Halogen displacement: use the reactivity order
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 760
Transition elements: typical properties and catalyst roles
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 761
Variable oxidation numbers: iron(II) and iron(III)
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 762
Noble gases: full shells and separate atoms
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 763
Metal properties and reaction patterns
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 764
Choosing aluminium and copper for their uses
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 765
Alloys: composition, diagrams and useful properties
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 766
Why different-sized atoms can strengthen an alloy
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 767
The reactivity series: water, steam and dilute acid
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 768
Deducing reactivity from supplied experimental results
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 769
Metal displacement and positive-ion formation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 770
Aluminium's oxide layer and apparent unreactivity
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 771
Rusting: required conditions and barrier methods
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 772
Galvanising and sacrificial protection
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 773
Choosing an extraction route from reactivity
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 774
The blast furnace: explain each material's role
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 775
Blast-furnace equations and oxygen accounting
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 776
Aluminium electrolysis: cryolite and changing carbon anodes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 777
Testing for water: identify the colour change
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 778
Water purity and why laboratories use distilled water
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 779
Natural water: useful substances and harmful contamination
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 780
Domestic water treatment: give each stage its job
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 781
Fertilisers: ammonium salts, nitrates and NPK
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 782
Clean dry air: composition and approximate proportions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 783
Air pollutants: connect each source with its effect
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 784
Reducing climate change and acid-rain emissions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 785
Photosynthesis: reactants, products and light energy
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 786
The greenhouse effect: absorption, emission and energy balance
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 787
Engine nitrogen oxides and catalytic-converter reactions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 788
Photosynthesis: balance the symbol equation and quantities
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 789
Displayed formulas: show every atom and every bond
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 790
General formulas, functional groups and chemical families
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 791
Saturated and unsaturated: inspect carbon–carbon bonds
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 792
Structural formulas and structural isomers
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 793
Homologous series: successive members and physical trends
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 794
Fossil fuels, hydrocarbons and petroleum mixtures
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 795
Fractional distillation: temperature and petroleum trends
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 796
Petroleum fractions: match all eight required uses
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 797
Alkanes: single bonds, combustion and reaction limits
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 798
Chlorine substitution: ultraviolet light and one replacement
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 799
Alkenes and the aqueous bromine test
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 800
Cracking: smaller molecules, conditions and demand
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 801
Alkene addition: bromine, hydrogen and steam products
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 802
Ethanol from fermentation: glucose, yeast and conditions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 803
Ethanol from ethene: steam, pressure and acid catalyst
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 804
Ethanol combustion and its solvent and fuel uses
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 805
Compare fermentation and catalytic ethene hydration
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 806
Ethanoic acid reactions: name and formulate the salts
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 807
Oxidising ethanol to ethanoic acid and vinegar
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 808
Esterification: connect the acid and alcohol parts
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 809
Organic names and reaction products: read the complete structure
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 810
Four-carbon naming: double-bond and alcohol positions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 811
Name and display esters from four-carbon starting molecules
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 812
Polymers and polyethene: many monomers, one long chain
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 813
Plastics: useful properties and disposal consequences
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 814
Addition repeats: deduce the monomer and retain side groups
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 815
Polyamides and nylon: monomers, links and water loss
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 816
Polyesters and PET: ester links and return to monomers
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 817
Proteins: amino acids and natural polyamide links
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 818
Choose measuring apparatus for the quantity and purpose
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 819
Design fair comparisons and evaluate measurement methods
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 820
Solution vocabulary and saturation at a stated temperature
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 821
Acid-base titration: aliquot, burette and endpoint
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 822
Burette readings, titres and comparable repeats
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 823
Paper chromatography: separate and compare coloured solutes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 824
Colourless chromatography and retention-factor calculations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 825
Select a solvent and filter an insoluble residue
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 826
Crystallisation: concentrate, cool and recover the solid
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 827
Distillation: collect a solvent and separate liquid mixtures
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 828
Melting and boiling data: identify and assess purity
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 829
Carbonate and halide tests: reagent then observation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 830
Nitrate, sulfate and sulfite: distinguish three similar names
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 831
White cation precipitates and the separate ammonium gas test
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 832
Coloured cation precipitates: chromium, copper and iron
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 833
Gas identification: six tests and six specific observations
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Not started - 834
Flame tests: six metal-ion colours and contamination limits
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 835
Measure lengths from two ruler readings
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 836
Read liquid volumes and find displacement volumes
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 837
Measure short lengths by taking multiples
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 838
Time intervals and repeated pendulum oscillations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 839
Distinguish scalar and vector quantities
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 840
Find perpendicular force and velocity resultants
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 841
Calculate speed and specify velocity direction
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 842
Find whole-journey average speed including stops
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 843
Plot distance-time graphs and calculate straight gradients
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 844
Recognise changing speed on curved distance-time graphs
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 845
Plot speed-time graphs and identify motion states
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 846
Find distance from areas under speed-time graphs
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 847
Recognise near-Earth free-fall acceleration
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 848
Calculate acceleration and signed deceleration
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Not started - 849
Calculate acceleration from speed-time gradients
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Not started - 850
Distinguish constant and changing acceleration
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Not started - 851
Explain falling motion and terminal velocity
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Not started - 852
Distinguish mass from gravitational weight
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 853
Calculate weight mass and gravitational field strength
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 854
Determine field strength from weight-mass data
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 855
Connect gravitational field strength with free-fall acceleration
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 856
Compare masses and weights using a balance
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 857
Explain weight as the effect of a gravitational field
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Not started - 858
Explain density as mass per unit volume
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Not started - 859
Rearrange density equations and convert cubic units
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 860
Determine density of regularly shaped solids
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Not started - 861
Determine density of sinking irregular solids
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Not started - 862
Determine liquid density with an empty-container correction
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Not started - 863
Predict floating and sinking from object density
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 864
Order immiscible liquids by density
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 865
Evaluate density methods and systematic errors
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 866
Explain stretching compression bending and twisting
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Not started - 867
Measure extension in a supervised spring experiment
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 868
Plot and interpret load-extension data
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 869
Combine forces along the same straight line
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 870
Connect zero resultant force with unchanged velocity
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 871
Explain how a resultant changes speed or direction
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Not started - 872
Describe solid friction and the heating it can produce
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 873
Recognise drag in liquids and gases
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 874
Calculate spring constant using force and extension
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 875
Identify the limit of proportionality on a spring graph
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Not started - 876
Calculate acceleration from the resultant force
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Not started - 877
Find the force or mass needed for a specified acceleration
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Not started - 878
Explain inward force and tangent velocity in circular motion
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Not started - 879
Compare force speed radius and mass in maintained circular motion
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Not started - 880
Explain moments and everyday turning effects
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Not started - 881
Calculate moments using perpendicular distance
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Not started - 882
Balance a beam with one force on each side
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 883
Convert hanging masses into balancing weights
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 884
Require both force and moment balance for equilibrium
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 885
Find the pivot support force on a balanced beam
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Not started - 886
Balance several forces and an off-centre beam weight
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Not started - 887
Test moment balance in a supervised ruler experiment
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 888
Define centre of gravity and locate a weight line
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 889
Locate the centre of gravity of an irregular lamina by suspension
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Not started - 890
Explain stability using the weight line and tipping edge
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Not started - 891
Compare low centres of gravity and broad bases
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Not started - 892
Calculate momentum with signed velocity
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Not started - 893
Calculate momentum changes including rebounds
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Not started - 894
Calculate impulse from force and duration
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 895
Find average force and contact time from impulse
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Not started - 896
Choose a system and state momentum conservation conditions
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Not started - 897
Solve one-dimensional collisions when objects stick
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 898
Solve separate final velocities from a supplied collision outcome
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Not started - 899
Explain recoil when an initially resting system separates
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Not started - 900
Relate momentum change per unit time to resultant force
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Not started - 901
Compare stopping times and average forces
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Not started - 902
Identify the seven syllabus energy stores
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Not started - 903
Describe energy-store changes in everyday processes
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Not started - 904
Distinguish mechanical and electrical energy transfers
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Not started - 905
Follow heating and wave energy transfers
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Not started - 906
Apply energy conservation with a stated system
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Not started - 907
Interpret simple energy flow diagrams
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Not started - 908
Calculate kinetic energy from mass and speed
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 909
Find mass or speed from a kinetic-energy value
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Not started - 910
Calculate gravitational potential energy changes
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Not started - 911
Find height changes and compare gravitational energy accounts
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Not started - 912
Conserve energy through multiple stages
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Not started - 913
Interpret and complete quantitative Sankey diagrams
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Not started - 914
Relate mechanical and electrical work to energy transferred
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 915
Calculate work from force and aligned distance
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Not started - 916
Find force or distance from a work requirement
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Not started - 917
Trace useful energy from fossil fuels
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Not started - 918
Explain useful energy from biofuels
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Not started - 919
Trace energy through a hydroelectric dam
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Not started - 920
Distinguish wave and tidal energy generation
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Not started - 921
Explain geothermal heating and electricity
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Not started - 922
Trace electricity generation from nuclear fuel
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Not started - 923
Explain electricity generation by solar cells
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Not started - 924
Explain solar water-heating panels
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Not started - 925
Trace wind energy into electrical output
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Not started - 926
Compare resources using five separate factors
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Not started - 927
Explain useful and dispersed energy qualitatively
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Not started - 928
Trace solar origins and the three resource exceptions
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Not started - 929
Explain solar fusion and research toward fusion electricity
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Not started - 930
Calculate efficiency using useful energy output
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Not started - 931
Calculate efficiency using power and complete stage chains
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Not started - 932
Define power as energy transfer per unit time
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Not started - 933
Convert units and rearrange power calculations
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 934
Calculate power for a specified mechanical-work task
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Not started - 935
Define and calculate force per unit area
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 936
Convert areas and rearrange pressure calculations
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Not started - 937
Explain everyday changes in contact pressure
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Not started - 938
Compare liquid pressure by depth and density
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 939
Distinguish liquid depth from container shape and route length
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Not started - 940
Calculate liquid-pressure changes from vertical depth
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 941
Find depth or density from a liquid-pressure difference
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Not started - 942
Compare liquid-pressure changes across stated layers
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Not started - 943
Distinguish solid liquid and gas properties
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 944
Classify grains droplets and trapped gas
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Not started - 945
Name the required changes of state
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Not started - 946
Trace a sequence of physical state changes
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Not started - 947
Represent vibrating particles in a solid
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 948
Explain liquid flow with close mobile particles
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 949
Explain gas spreading and compression
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Not started - 950
Construct and critique simple particle diagrams
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 951
Relate temperature to particle motion and absolute zero
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 952
Explain gas pressure through surface collisions
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Not started - 953
Explain Brownian motion as particle-model evidence
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Not started - 954
Connect state properties to particle forces and distances
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 955
Connect gas collisions to wall force per unit area
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 956
Distinguish Brownian grains from atoms and molecules
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 957
Explain heating a fixed gas mass at constant volume
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Not started - 958
Explain gas compression at constant temperature
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Not started - 959
Convert between Celsius and kelvin temperatures
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 960
Distinguish temperature readings differences and ratios
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 961
Use the constant pressure-volume product
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 962
Use absolute gas pressure and consistent units
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 963
Plot and interpret the inverse pressure-volume curve
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 964
Check pressure-volume data and model conditions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 965
Describe thermal expansion at constant pressure
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 966
Explain expansion gaps and restrained structures
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Not started - 967
Use expansion in thermometers and bimetal devices
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Not started - 968
Explain relative expansion through particle motion and arrangement
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Not started - 969
Relate a temperature rise to internal energy
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Not started - 970
Distinguish temperature readings from energy amounts
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Not started - 971
Explain warming through average particle kinetic energy
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Not started - 972
Define specific heat capacity and calculate energy changes
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Not started - 973
Rearrange heat capacity equations and interpret cooling
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Not started - 974
Separate heater input from the sample energy gain
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Not started - 975
Describe a solid specific heat capacity experiment
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Not started - 976
Describe a liquid specific heat capacity experiment
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Not started - 977
Interpret melting and boiling on a heating curve
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Not started - 978
State water's melting and boiling reference temperatures
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Not started - 979
Explain condensation and solidification using particles
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Not started - 980
Explain evaporation from a liquid surface
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Not started - 981
Explain why evaporation cools a liquid
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Not started - 982
Compare boiling with surface evaporation
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Not started - 983
Explain temperature area and airflow effects on evaporation
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Not started - 984
Plan and interpret controlled evaporation measurements
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Not started - 985
Explain cooling of an object touching an evaporating liquid
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Not started - 986
Compare conducting rods with matched indicators
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Not started - 987
Compare solid layers in a controlled conduction test
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Not started - 988
Explain conduction through lattice vibrations
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Not started - 989
Explain the electron contribution in metal conduction
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Not started - 990
Explain poor conduction in gases and most liquids
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Not started - 991
Recognise intermediate thermal conduction in solids
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Not started - 992
Distinguish convection from conduction in fluids
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Not started - 993
Explain natural convection using density changes
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Not started - 994
Describe a water convection demonstration
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Not started - 995
Describe an air convection demonstration
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Not started - 996
Recognise infrared thermal radiation from objects
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Not started - 997
Explain thermal radiation through a vacuum
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Not started - 998
Compare infrared absorption emission and reflection by surfaces
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Not started - 999
Explain steady temperature through balanced energy rates
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Not started - 1000
Predict warming and cooling from unequal energy rates
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Not started - 1001
Explain Earth temperature through radiation balance
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Not started - 1002
Describe a controlled infrared emission experiment
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Not started - 1003
Describe a controlled infrared absorption experiment
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Not started - 1004
Explain temperature and area effects on infrared emission rate
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Not started - 1005
Explain thermal transfer through a kitchen pan
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Not started - 1006
Explain room heating by convection
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Not started - 1007
Trace multiple thermal routes from a wood or coal fire
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Not started - 1008
Explain thermal transfer through a car radiator
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Not started - 1009
Track wave energy without carrying the medium along
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Not started - 1010
Describe wave motion in ropes and springs
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Not started - 1011
Observe water wave motion in a ripple tank
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Not started - 1012
Read crests troughs amplitude and wavelength
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Not started - 1013
Identify wavefronts frequency and propagation speed
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Not started - 1014
Calculate wave speed with consistent wavelength units
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Not started - 1015
Rearrange wave speed equations and check supplied data
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Not started - 1016
Compare transverse wave models and vibration directions
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Not started - 1017
Read longitudinal compressions and rarefactions
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Not started - 1018
Explain reflection of waves at a plane surface
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Not started - 1019
Explain refraction through a change of wave speed
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Not started - 1020
Describe diffraction through a narrow gap
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Not started - 1021
Describe a ripple tank reflection experiment
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Not started - 1022
Describe ripple tank refraction across a depth change
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Not started - 1023
Describe a ripple tank gap diffraction experiment
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Not started - 1024
Describe a ripple tank edge diffraction experiment
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Not started - 1025
Compare wavelength and gap size in diffraction
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Not started - 1026
Compare wavelength effects at a diffraction edge
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Not started - 1027
Measure reflection angles from the normal
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Not started - 1028
Apply the law of reflection at a plane mirror
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Not started - 1029
Describe the image formed by a plane mirror
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Not started - 1030
Construct plane-mirror images from reflected rays
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Not started - 1031
Measure and calculate plane-mirror constructions
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Not started - 1032
Measure light refraction angles at a boundary
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Not started - 1033
Describe a rectangular-block refraction experiment
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Not started - 1034
Describe refraction with a semicircular block
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Not started - 1035
Trace light through a parallel-sided transparent block
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Not started - 1036
Explain normal-incidence light transmission
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Not started - 1037
Define the critical angle for light
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Not started - 1038
Explain internal reflection and total internal reflection
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Not started - 1039
Calculate refractive index from light speeds
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Not started - 1040
Use the sine ratio for light refraction
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Not started - 1041
Calculate critical angle and refractive index
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Not started - 1042
Explain optical fibres in telecommunications
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Not started - 1043
Compare converging and diverging lenses on parallel beams
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Not started - 1044
Locate principal axis focus and focal length
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Not started - 1045
Construct a real image with a converging lens
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1046
Compare real lens-image size and position
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1047
Distinguish virtual lens images from screen projections
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1048
Construct a virtual image with a converging lens
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Not started - 1049
Use a single converging lens as a magnifying glass
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Not started - 1050
Explain diverging-lens correction of short-sightedness
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Not started - 1051
Explain converging-lens correction of long-sightedness
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Not started - 1052
Explain white-light dispersion by a glass prism
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Not started - 1053
Order visible colours by wavelength and frequency
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Not started - 1054
Distinguish monochromatic light from a white-light spectrum
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Not started - 1055
Order the electromagnetic spectrum by frequency and wavelength
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Not started - 1056
Compare electromagnetic travel in vacuum with sound
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Not started - 1057
Explain radio broadcasting astronomy and RFID
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Not started - 1058
Explain microwave communication and oven heating
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Not started - 1059
Explain infrared heating sensing and short-range links
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Not started - 1060
Explain visible light in vision photography and illumination
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Not started - 1061
Explain ultraviolet security marking and water sterilisation
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Not started - 1062
Explain X-ray medical and security scanning
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Not started - 1063
Explain gamma-ray sterilisation cancer detection and treatment
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Not started - 1064
Distinguish microwave and infrared heating hazards
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Not started - 1065
Explain ultraviolet X-ray and gamma-ray cell damage
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Not started - 1066
Compare low-orbit and geostationary satellite communication
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Not started - 1067
Calculate electromagnetic travel using the vacuum speed
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Not started - 1068
Explain wireless and optical-fibre communication choices
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Not started - 1069
Distinguish analogue and digital signals
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Not started - 1070
Represent sound as analogue and digital information
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Not started - 1071
Explain digital regeneration transmission rate and range
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Not started - 1072
Explain sound production by vibrating sources
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Not started - 1073
Describe sound as a longitudinal disturbance
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Not started - 1074
Use the approximate human audible frequency range
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Not started - 1075
Explain why sound needs a material medium
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Not started - 1076
Use the approximate speed of sound in air
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Not started - 1077
Measure sound speed using a synchronised visible event
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Not started - 1078
Measure sound speed using two microphones
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Not started - 1079
Compare sound amplitude loudness frequency and pitch
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Not started - 1080
Explain echoes as reflected sound
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Not started - 1081
Define ultrasound using the frequency boundary
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Not started - 1082
Describe sound compressions and rarefactions
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Not started - 1083
Compare sound speeds in solids liquids and gases
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Not started - 1084
Use ultrasound echoes for non-destructive material testing
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Not started - 1085
Explain ultrasound scanning of soft tissue
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Not started - 1086
Calculate sonar depth and distinguish total path from distance
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Not started - 1087
Describe magnetic pole attraction and repulsion
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Not started - 1088
Use repulsion to distinguish a magnet from an unmagnetised material
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Not started - 1089
Explain induced magnetism in soft iron
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Not started - 1090
Compare temporary soft-iron and permanent steel magnets
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Not started - 1091
Distinguish magnetic materials from other metals and insulators
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Not started - 1092
Define a magnetic field through the force on a pole
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Not started - 1093
Draw the external field pattern around a bar magnet
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Not started - 1094
Determine magnetic field direction using a north pole
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Not started - 1095
Plot bar-magnet field lines with a compass
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Not started - 1096
Use iron filings to reveal a magnetic field pattern
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Not started - 1097
Explain useful permanent-magnet applications
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Not started - 1098
Explain useful switched-electromagnet applications
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Not started - 1099
Explain magnetic forces through interacting fields
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Not started - 1100
Compare relative magnetic field strength from line spacing
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Not started - 1101
Interpret magnetic field cancellation and combined directions
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Not started - 1102
Identify positive negative and neutral charge from particle balance
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Not started - 1103
Predict forces between charged objects
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Not started - 1104
Produce electrostatic charge by friction in a controlled test
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Not started - 1105
Detect electrostatic charge with an electroscope
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Not started - 1106
Explain electron transfer when solids are rubbed
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Not started - 1107
Conserve charge during isolated electron transfer
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Not started - 1108
Test electrical conductors and insulators with a complete circuit
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Not started - 1109
Explain conduction and insulation using a simple electron model
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Not started - 1110
Classify typical conductors and insulators without confusing magnetism
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Not started - 1111
Use coulombs and signed charge prefixes
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Not started - 1112
Define an electric field by its force on charge
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Not started - 1113
Determine electric field direction using a positive test charge
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Not started - 1114
Draw electric field patterns around point charges
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Not started - 1115
Draw the field around an isolated charged conducting sphere
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Not started - 1116
Draw the uniform field between oppositely charged parallel plates
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Not started - 1117
Relate electric current to charge flow
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Not started - 1118
Read an analogue ammeter using its selected range
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Not started - 1119
Use a digital ammeter and choose a suitable range
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Not started - 1120
Explain metallic current as moving free electrons
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Not started - 1121
Distinguish direct and alternating current
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Not started - 1122
Calculate current from charge passing a point
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Not started - 1123
Find transferred charge and time from current
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Not started - 1124
Interpret average current across changing intervals
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Not started - 1125
Distinguish conventional current and electron flow
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Not started - 1126
Define electromotive force as source work per unit charge
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Not started - 1127
State and interpret volts for electromotive force
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Not started - 1128
Define potential difference across a component
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Not started - 1129
Distinguish voltage from charge current and total energy
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Not started - 1130
Read an analogue voltmeter on the chosen scale
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Not started - 1131
Use a digital voltmeter with a suitable parallel connection
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Not started - 1132
Calculate source work per charge as electromotive force
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Not started - 1133
Find source work or transferred charge from e.m.f.
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Not started - 1134
Calculate component potential difference from work and charge
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Not started - 1135
Compare source and component work accounts for the same charge
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Not started - 1136
Calculate resistance from potential difference and current
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Not started - 1137
Rearrange resistance to find current or potential difference
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Not started - 1138
Determine resistance with separate current and voltage measurements
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Not started - 1139
Compare wire resistance when length changes
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Not started - 1140
Compare wire resistance when cross-sectional area changes
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Not started - 1141
Sketch and explain a constant-resistance current–voltage graph
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Not started - 1142
Explain filament-lamp current–voltage curvature
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Not started - 1143
Explain diode current–voltage directionality
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Not started - 1144
Read resistance from a specified current–voltage operating point
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Not started - 1145
Scale metallic-wire resistance with length
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Not started - 1146
Scale metallic-wire resistance with cross-sectional area
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Not started - 1147
Combine length area and diameter changes for a metallic wire
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Not started - 1148
Trace electrical energy transfer through a circuit
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Not started - 1149
Calculate electrical power from current and potential difference
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Not started - 1150
Find operating current or potential difference from electrical power
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Not started - 1151
Calculate electrical energy using current potential difference and time
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Not started - 1152
Use consistent time units and changing operating intervals
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Not started - 1153
Define a kilowatt-hour and convert between energy units
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Not started - 1154
Calculate appliance energy costs from kWh tariffs
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Not started - 1155
Compare multiappliance daily energy and costs
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1156
Read cell and battery symbols with their polarities
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1157
Distinguish power supplies and generators in circuit diagrams
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1158
Draw switches and trace complete circuit paths
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1159
Use fixed resistors variable resistors and heaters
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1160
Interpret an NTC thermistor in a sensing circuit
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1161
Interpret a light dependent resistor and its illumination
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1162
Identify lamps motors and bells as circuit outputs
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Not started - 1163
Place ammeters and voltmeters in circuit diagrams
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1164
Recognize magnetising coils and transformer connections
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1165
Interpret a fuse as a current controlled circuit interruption
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1166
Use a relay to switch a separate circuit
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1167
Recognize a three terminal potential divider symbol
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1168
Interpret a diode direction in a circuit diagram
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1169
Use an LED with light arrows and current limiting
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Not started - 1170
Follow the same current around a series circuit
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1171
Construct and redraw series and parallel circuit paths
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1172
Combine the e m f of sources in series
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Not started - 1173
Add resistances in one series path
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Not started - 1174
Compare source and branch currents in parallel
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Not started - 1175
Compare resistance before and after a parallel branch is added
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Not started - 1176
Explain the advantages of parallel lamp connections
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Not started - 1177
Calculate missing currents at a circuit junction
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Not started - 1178
Explain junction current balance using charge conservation
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Not started - 1179
Add potential differences across series components
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Not started - 1180
Use the same potential difference across parallel branches
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Not started - 1181
Calculate two resistor parallel equivalents
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Not started - 1182
Compare conductor p d when current is held constant
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Not started - 1183
Describe a variable potential divider wiper
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Not started - 1184
Calculate the resistance and voltage shares of a divider
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Not started - 1185
Predict sensor divider outputs and loading changes
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Not started - 1186
Explain the hazards of damaged electrical insulation
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Not started - 1187
Explain cable overheating and shared-socket overloads
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Not started - 1188
Explain electrical hazards in damp conditions
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Not started - 1189
Distinguish live neutral and protective earth
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1190
Explain why an appliance switch belongs in live
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Not started - 1191
Explain how a fuse interrupts excess current
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Not started - 1192
Choose protective ratings from supplied circuit limits
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1193
Distinguish overcurrent trips from residual-current protection
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Not started - 1194
Explain how an earthed metal case is protected
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Not started - 1195
Explain double insulation and fuse protection without earth
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Not started - 1196
Recognise induced voltage in a moving conductor
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1197
Induce voltage by changing the field linking a coil
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1198
Describe a magnet and coil induction experiment
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Not started - 1199
Describe a moving conductor induction demonstration
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Not started - 1200
Compare factors affecting induced voltage magnitude
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1201
Use opposition to change for magnet and coil directions
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Not started - 1202
Explain induction opposition through energy transfer
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Not started - 1203
Use the generator direction rule for motion field and current
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Not started - 1204
Explain a rotating coil alternating-current generator
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Not started - 1205
Explain slip rings and stationary generator brushes
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Not started - 1206
Explain a rotating magnet generator with a fixed coil
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Not started - 1207
Sketch and read a simple generator voltage graph
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1208
Relate generator coil positions to voltage peaks and zeros
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Not started - 1209
Read generator periods and compare rotation changes
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Not started - 1210
Trace the magnetic field around a straight current-carrying wire
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Not started - 1211
Trace the field and poles of a current-carrying solenoid
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Not started - 1212
Describe a straight-wire magnetic field investigation
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Not started - 1213
Describe a solenoid field investigation
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Not started - 1214
Explain magnetic relay action and its applications
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Not started - 1215
Explain how a moving coil loudspeaker produces sound
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Not started - 1216
Compare straight-wire field strength at different positions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1217
Compare central and external solenoid field strength
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Not started - 1218
Predict field changes when current direction reverses
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1219
Control current comparisons in wire and solenoid fields
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1220
Describe a force experiment with a current-carrying conductor
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Not started - 1221
Compare conductor movement when current reverses
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1222
Compare conductor movement when the magnetic field reverses
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Not started - 1223
Use the motor rule for force field and current directions
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Not started - 1224
Determine magnetic force directions for positive and negative particle beams
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1225
Check beam direction reversals and parallel motion limits
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1226
Explain the turning effect on a current-carrying coil
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Not started - 1227
Compare factors that increase a coil turning effect
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Not started - 1228
Explain split-ring commutation in a simple d.c. motor
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Not started - 1229
Distinguish motor commutators from generator slip rings
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1230
Explain motor reversals and energy transfers
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Not started - 1231
Describe a simple two-winding transformer
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Not started - 1232
Use primary secondary step-up and step-down terms
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1233
Calculate transformer secondary voltages from turns
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1234
Find missing transformer turn counts and input voltages
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1235
Trace transformer roles in high-voltage electricity transmission
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1236
Explain the advantages of high-voltage transmission
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Not started - 1237
Read a supplied transmission transformer chain
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1238
Explain induction in an iron-cored transformer
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Not started - 1239
Calculate ideal transformer input and output currents
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1240
Combine transformer turns voltage and ideal power balances
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1241
Calculate cable heating losses with current squared resistance
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1242
Compare transmission losses at matched load power
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1243
Check voltage-loss scaling and changed cable conditions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1244
Describe the nuclear structure of an atom
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Not started - 1245
Explain positive and negative ion formation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1246
Use alpha scattering evidence for the nuclear atom
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1247
Identify nuclear particles and their relative charges
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1248
Calculate proton nucleon and neutron numbers
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1249
Read and write labelled nuclide notation
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1250
Distinguish isotopes from ions and different elements
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1251
Explain fission with a balanced supplied nuclear equation
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Not started - 1252
Explain fusion with a balanced supplied nuclear equation
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Not started - 1253
Relate nuclear charge and relative mass to proton and nucleon numbers
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Not started - 1254
Explain background radiation and its principal sources
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Not started - 1255
Describe a radiation detector connected to a counter
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Not started - 1256
Calculate count rates and convert their time units
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Not started - 1257
Subtract background to find a corrected count rate
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1258
Correct radiation records with unequal observation intervals
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1259
Explain spontaneous emission and random nuclear directions
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Not started - 1260
Identify alpha beta-minus and gamma emissions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1261
Compare ionising effects and penetrating abilities of nuclear emissions
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1262
Predict nuclear emission deflection in an electric field
Learn the method · Practise with help · Try it yourself · Apply the idea
Not started - 1263
Predict nuclear emission deflection in a magnetic field
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Not started - 1264
Explain relative ionisation through energy transfer and charge
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Not started - 1265
Explain spontaneous changes in unstable nuclei
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Not started - 1266
Explain element changes in alpha and beta-minus decay
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Not started - 1267
Explain excess-neutron and heavy-nucleus instability
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Not started - 1268
Write and check alpha decay equations
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Not started - 1269
Write and explain beta-minus decay equations
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Not started - 1270
Explain gamma emission in nuclide equations
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Not started - 1271
Define half-life without an individual decay deadline
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Not started - 1272
Calculate successive half-lives and remaining fractions
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Not started - 1273
Find half-life from background-free tables and curves
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Not started - 1274
Find half-life when measured counts include background
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Not started - 1275
Explain the radioactive smoke-alarm application
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Not started - 1276
Explain gamma irradiation of food
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Not started - 1277
Explain gamma sterilisation of medical equipment
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Not started - 1278
Select radiation for thickness monitoring
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Not started - 1279
Distinguish gamma diagnosis from cancer treatment
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Not started - 1280
Describe radiation effects on living cells
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Not started - 1281
Describe safe movement use and storage of radioactive sources
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Not started - 1282
Explain time distance and shielding protection
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Not started - 1283
Explain Earth rotation and the apparent daily Sun motion
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Not started - 1284
Explain the annual seasonal cycle from Earth tilt
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Not started - 1285
Explain Moon phases using changing viewing geometry
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Not started - 1286
Match astronomical observations to their repeating cycles
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Not started - 1287
Calculate average orbital speed with consistent units
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Not started - 1288
Rearrange the orbital speed equation for period and radius
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Not started - 1289
Compare orbital speeds using both radius and period
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Not started - 1290
Name and order the eight Solar System planets
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Not started - 1291
Distinguish moons dwarf planets asteroids and comets
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Not started - 1292
Explain Solar System formation by gravitational accretion
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Not started - 1293
Explain why inner and outer planets differ
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Not started - 1294
Compare planetary gravity by mass and distance
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Not started - 1295
Calculate one-way light travel across the Solar System
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Not started - 1296
Calculate request reply and reflection delays in space
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Not started - 1297
Explain why planets orbit the massive Sun
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Not started - 1298
Locate the Sun at a focus of an elliptical orbit
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Not started - 1299
Analyse orbital period distance and density data
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Not started - 1300
Interpret planetary temperature and surface gravity data
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Not started - 1301
Explain decreasing planetary orbital speeds farther from the Sun
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Not started - 1302
Explain changing speed in an elliptical orbit through energy
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Not started - 1303
Describe the Sun as a hydrogen and helium star
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Not started - 1304
Identify the main regions of solar radiation
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Not started - 1305
Explain hydrogen fusion as the stable star energy source
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Not started - 1306
Locate the Sun within the Milky Way
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Not started - 1307
Define a light-year as a distance
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Not started - 1308
Convert light-year distances and signal delays
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Not started - 1309
Explain cloud collapse and protostar heating
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Not started - 1310
Explain the balance in a stable star
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Not started - 1311
Trace fuel depletion into giant stages
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Not started - 1312
Trace the planetary nebula and white dwarf branch
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Not started - 1313
Trace massive stars through supernova and compact remnants
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Not started - 1314
Explain stellar recycling into later stars and planets
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Not started - 1315
Compare the Milky Way with the wider Universe
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Not started - 1316
Describe redshift as increased observed wavelength
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Not started - 1317
Compare matching galaxy and laboratory spectra
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Not started - 1318
Explain how redshift supports cosmic expansion
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Not started - 1319
Identify the cosmic microwave background
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Not started - 1320
Explain the early origin and stretching of the CMBR
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Not started - 1321
Infer recession speed from a supplied redshift relation
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Not started - 1322
Use a calibrated supernova to estimate galaxy distance
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Not started - 1323
Calculate Hubble constant from recession speed and distance
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Not started - 1324
Use the syllabus Hubble reference and proportional graph
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Not started - 1325
Estimate cosmic age from the reciprocal Hubble constant
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